Global Agri-Food Supply Chain

Questions: 1.Critically Evaluate the present Issues, Challenges and Future of the Global Agri-Food Supply Chain. 2.Critically Evaluate the job of Culture to Promote an Efficient, Competitive, Responsible and green worldwide Supply Chain. Answers: Presentation Flexibly chain the executives and coordinations are significant for the income age of the organizations in the agro food division. Supportability of the flexibly chain the board is a basic issue that the worldwide organizations are looking so as to keep up the worth chain in the worldwide agri-food gracefully chain. Agri-food gracefully chain is characterized as the exchange of cultivating merchandise or rural nourishments from the creation level to the last buyers. The gracefully chains comprise of pre creation exercises and post utilization exercises in the division of agri-food office. In the realm of globalization, nations and organizations are engaged in securing the earth and accommodating the regular asset the executives. It makes a decent effect on the field of food gracefully chain the executives. The natural contamination and the adjustment in atmosphere are considered as the components that are answerable for compromising the various systems towards the board of practical flexibly chain. The report centers around the issues looked by worldwide agri-food gracefully chain alongside execution of hypothetical systems in help to it. Aside from that, the job of culture in keeping up the green and powerful flexibly chain by organizations are likewise portrayed in the report alongside the idea of green gracefully chain the board rehearses by worldwide agri-food organizations. 1.Current Issues and Challenges of the Global Agri-Food Supply Chain It tends to be said that the primary region of issues that the agri-food flexibly chain faces is in the territory of the coordinations. Gracefully fasten the board is identified with conveyance channel and coordinations. These two viewpoints are considered as the switch of the maintainable flexibly chain the board. The issues of the gracefully chain the board depends regarding the matter of request the board, warehousing, bundling, conveyance, squander removal and deals returns the executives, shipment, conveyance, and so on (Burch Lawrence, 2013). The issues of the gracefully chain of agri-food organizations in a worldwide premise are depicted in the accompanying. The coordinations exercises faces issues because of outrageous discontinuity of the change businesses and ranches. The advanced arrangement of dispersion design is progressively centered around direct control. The organizations attempt to control all the gracefully chain the executives exercises of the entire food flexibly chain (Rueda, Garrett Lambin, 2017). So as to fulfill or moderate the necessities and prerequisites of the agri-food industry, the market doesn't give any strategic arrangements towards it. The issues happened regarding entryway to entryway conveyance and chill gracefully chain. The unbending nature of the regulatory fulfilments is answerable for lower productivity in new food (Martnez-Jurado Moyano-Fuentes, 2014). Expenses of coordinations are expanding step by step while the costs of the new items are not expanding making misfortunes for the providers. As the ranchers are not accomplishing numerous benefits while offering their merchandise to the grocery stores and other huge retailers, thus they can't utilize current innovations and transport framework for quick conveyance of products (Giles, 2012). Because of absence of innovations utilized in the cultivating forms, the newness and the nature of the nourishments are debased. The grocery stores and other enormous retailers in numerous nations of the world face in circulation issue and meeting the fulfillment of the clients. Quality administration and upkeep of stock is a worldwide issue that the majority of the organizations in agri-food segment faces as far as making manages the global organizations (Dinu, 2016). Hypotheses Related to Supply Chain Management There are numerous hypotheses identified with the flexibly chain the board. Among them, three speculations will be chosen that will address the previously mentioned issues. Six sigma in coordinations is characterized as the method of actualizing the methodology which will yield in the improvement of decisions which depends on the equalization of hazard and qualities (Mangan, Lalwani, Lalwani, 2016). It is a universally acknowledged procedure of the executives that is centered around assembling more excellent administrations or items while satisfying needs and needs of the clients. The DMAIC technique is the center of the six-sigma hypothesis. It incorporates characterize, measure, break down, improve and control. The procedures of gracefully chain the board depend on these parts of the model (Dabbene, Gay Tortia, 2014). Lean assembling is a methodology that is utilized by sellers and makers of agri-food organizations that centers around end of waste in the assembling framework. This procedure of assembling will help in the disposal of the loss from the way toward assembling of the items (Mangan et al., 2016). The lean assembling framework centers around three parts of value, expenses and conveyance times. Lean assembling on the disposal of squanders is identified with the economical gracefully chain exercises. Natural assurance is likewise done utilizing this act of assembling (Keramydas et al., 2016). Worldwide associations utilize Just in Time hypothesis that is centered around the decrease of the stream times in the entire creation framework alongside reaction times from the different scopes of providers to the clients. Without a moment to spare is a mainstream hypothesis in the gracefully chain the board that helps in keeping up the stock kevel just as diminishing the degree of waste. It is prevalently known as Toyota Production framework (Aung Chang, 2014). It likewise keeps up the various kinds of issues identified with request and gracefully of items between the makers of items and the clients that at last aides in the support of notoriety (Zhang et al., 2016). Instances of Companies Facing Issues in Supply Chain Enormous retailers like Tesco, Wesfarmers, and so forth are confronting issues in their gracefully chain the executives that influences the benefit of the organization. Aside from that, it is seen that the sets of principles of providers of the Tesco are not sufficient. Consequently, the providers are not giving quality materials to Tesco. The nature of the results of the Tesco is getting traded off. Other than this, the clients are whining about the nature of the items (Handayati et al.,2015). The wholesalers of the horticultural items are confronting issues in the expanded expense of transportation. These huge grocery stores for the most part assume responsibility for the little vendors and merchants of the farming items. The control of the global goliaths is because of the unreasonable control of the gracefully chain the board perspectives (Mylan et al., 2015). It is seen that the costs of results of Aldi are lower than that of Tesco and Wesfarmers. It is because of the absence of stock administration and dissemination of the items because of issues with the providers. In numerous nations, the transportation offices and other mechanical perspectives are not doable (Bourlakis et al., 2014). It prompts lower productivity and bigger expense in the assembling of results of the agri-food organizations alongside support of the gracefully chain and coordinations parts of the organization. 2.Role of Culture in Promoting Efficient Competitive Supply Chain Culture deeply affects definition of techniques that helps organizations in building effective, serious and green gracefully chain the executives methodologies. For creating, effective and serious gracefully chain techniques, common trust, association, sharing data and collaboration among the distinctive colleagues are fundamental (Younis et al., 2016). The component of corporate culture is marginally unique in relation to that of countries culture. Agri-food organizations must achieve their corporate culture with the countries culture of their nation of activity. The meaning of culture comprises of the aggregate programming of the human personalities that is answerable for making separation from individuals of one culture to another culture (Schaltegger Burritt, 2014). Organizations must practice culturally diverse correspondence in building methodologies for the providers and the providers set of accepted rules. The six standards are portrayed in the accompanying that will help the agri-food organizations in building viable and serious gracefully chain that improves relations with the providers (Notarnicola et al., 2017). Becoming more acquainted with progressively about the providers guaranteeing the opposition between the providers as a chance of building connections or reinforcing associations Overseeing the providers Building up the specialized abilities of providers (Dries et al., 2014) Passing data to providers for advancement Cooperating with the providers in improving the gracefully chain forms (Cagliano, Worley Caniato, 2016) Aside from that, there are cost direction and contender direction that are considered as a major aspect of authoritative culture that are utilized by these worldwide agri-food organizations that will concentrate both on the countries culture and hierarchical culture (Shukla Jharkharia, 2013). Consequently, culture helps in improving representative relations just as improved and serious flexibly chain forms that will result into benefit. It is seen that American culture and Asian culture are not the same as each other. Providers set of principles are detailed in a manner with the goal that they can fill in according to the desires (Yu et al., 2014). Idea of Global Green Supply Chain The idea of green gracefully chain and coordinations is characterized as the flexibly bind which is identified with the improved exhibition of the organization while estimating the traits of cost decrease, manageability, discharge decrease by utilizing the measurements of carbon impression and different innovative viewpoints (Aitken et al., 2016). The green gracefully chain is utilized by numerous organizations these days so as to keep up maintainability in the pers

A Introduction to Sociology Statistics

An Introduction to Sociology Statistics Sociological research can have three unmistakable objectives: depiction, clarification, and expectation. The portrayal is constantly a significant piece of the exploration, yet most sociologists endeavor to clarify and foresee what they watch. The three research strategies most generally utilized by sociologists are observational procedures, reviews, and analyses. For each situation, estimation is included that yields a lot of numbers, which are the discoveries, or information, delivered by the examination study. Sociologists and different researchers sum up information, discover connections between sets of information, and decide if trial controls have influenced some factor of intrigue. The word insights has two implications: The field that applies scientific procedures to the arranging, summing up, and deciphering of information. The real scientific strategies themselves. Information on measurements has numerous pragmatic advantages. Indeed, even a simple information on insights will improve you ready to assess measurable cases made by columnists, climate forecasters, TV publicists, political competitors, government authorities, and different people who may utilize measurements in the data or contentions they present. Portrayal of Data Information are regularly spoken to in recurrence disseminations, which demonstrate the recurrence of each score in a lot of scores. Sociologists likewise use diagrams to speak to information. These incorporate pie diagrams, recurrence histograms, and line charts. Line diagrams are significant in speaking to the aftereffects of tests since they are utilized to outline the connection among free and ward factors. Elucidating Statistics Elucidating insights sum up and sort out research information. Proportions of focal inclination speak to the ordinary score in a lot of scores. The mode is the most every now and again happening score, the middle is the center score, and the mean is the number juggling normal of the arrangement of scores. Proportions of inconstancy speak to the level of scattering of scores. The range is the contrast between the most elevated and least scores. The difference is the normal of the squared deviations from the mean of the arrangement of scores, and the standard deviation is the square base of the change. Numerous sorts of estimations fall on a typical, or ringer molded, bend. A specific level of scores fall beneath each point on the abscissa of the ordinary bend. Percentiles recognize the level of scores that fall underneath a specific score. Correlational Statistics Correlational measurements evaluate the connection between at least two arrangements of scores. A connection might be certain or negative and differ from 0.00 to give or take 1.00. The presence of a connection doesn't really imply that one of the related factors causes changes in the other. Nor does the presence of a connection block that chance. Relationships are usually charted on disperse plots. Maybe the most widely recognized correlational procedure is Pearsons item second relationship. You square the Pearsons item second relationship to get the coefficient of assurance, which will show the measure of fluctuation in one variable represented by another variable. Inferential Statistics Inferential insights grant social scientists to decide if their discoveries can be summed up from their examples to the populaces they speak to. Consider a straightforward examination where a trial bunch that is presented to a condition is contrasted and a benchmark group that isn't. For the distinction between the methods for the two gatherings to be measurably huge, the distinction must have a low likelihood (generally under 5 percent) of happening by ordinary arbitrary variety. Sources: McGraw Hill. (2001). Insights Primer for Sociology. mhhe.com/socscience/humanism/insights/stat_intro.htm

Free Novel Writing Software to Get Your Next Book off to a Great Start

Free Novel Writing Software to Get Your Next Book off to a Great Start While the process of writing a novel is a complicated one, the software you use doesnt have to be. And with these programs available online, you can now get your novel written absolutely free of cost, so be sure to check them out and see which one best suits your needs.FastPencilScreenshot of Fastpencil.com, free novel writing software.Advertising that they have removed the hurdles inherent in the traditional book publishing industry, FastPencil is Cloud software that allows you to write, publish, and print books and eBooks anywhere you have access to the Internet.You can think of it as Google Docs for writers. Using the software, youll be able to create a project, invite others to collaborate with you, and communicate with other authors through the app. You can even assign a task for your collaborator.Not only can you write your manuscript directly with FastPencilâ€"you can also import a previously written manuscript and choose your page design in order to publish professionally. It s an all-in-one program that enables you to create books, collaborate, publish, distribute, and sell your work.Heres what you get for freeThe free version of FastPencil allows you to do the following:Print Your Book PrivatelySign in with any deviceReceive experienced and professional online supportImport, write, and edit your manuscriptCollaborate with othersProfessionally format your book (with preview)Track revision history with unlimited free digital proofsManage images and store encrypted filesPersonalize your author storeConnect your events calendar and social media accountInteract with a guided publishing wizard and retail pricing toolComplete metadata collectionFormat your manuscript for hardcover, softcover, Epub3, Mobi and PDF eBook publishingUse the Direct-to-Publish (DTP) PDF/X Import utilityObtain ISBN and barcodes (with purchase of global distribution only)Receive competitive royaltiesPaid versionFor $499, you will receive everything in the free version of the software, plus:A project manager to assist you in the navigation of your purchased author services1 professional front back cover design and 1 revision cycleGlobal distribution for all formats (print eBook) including distribution with Ingram, Barnes Noble, Books-A-Million, etc. for 3 yearsAn ISBN issued for each format1 half-hour scheduled marketing consultationyWriterScreenshot of yWriter.com, free novel writing software.yWriter is a free novel-writing program available for download and use for Windows 7 and later (the version for MacOS is in progress). It is a word processor that focuses on breaking your novel into chapters and scenes as a way to keep track of your work and while it wont write your novel for you, it will help you get it written by focusing on scene and chapter breaks.Since scenes can be moved around into various chapters, the developer of this software believes that its important to have the ability to drag and drop them from one chapter to another as you work on the ov erall flow of your book. A scene is a pleasant chunk to work on - small and well-defined, you can slot them into your novel, dragging and dropping them from one chapter to another as you interleave strands from different viewpoint characters and work out the overall flow of your book. You can also mark a scene as unused if youve written yourself into a dead end, which will keep it out of the word count and exports without deleting the content.yWriters creator is Simon Haynes, a designer and programmer who is also a published author. Due to his own experience with authoring a manuscript, Haynes wanted to create a program that contains tools a working novelist will find useful. On his website, he writes, As a programmer, Im used to dealing with projects broken into source files and modules, and I never lose track of my code. I decided to apply the same working method to my novels ... and yWriter was the result. Your work is broken down into chapters and scenes, and you can drag and dr op them around to reorganise your novel.Heres what you get for freeAdd chapters to the projectAdd scenes, characters, items and locationsDisplay the word count for every file in the project, along with a totalSave a log file every day, showing words per file and the total (Tracks your progress)Save automatic backups at user-specified intervalsAllow multiple scenes within chaptersViewpoint character, goal, conflict and outcome fields for each sceneReorder scenes within chaptersDrag and drop of chapters, scenes, characters, items and locationsAutomatic chapter renumberingEpub and Mobi exportExport selected chapters to RTF format, proof them, check the grammar, then import them back againExport your work to LaTeX, a powerful page-description languagePare your chapters into individual scenes, scene labels for word count and scene status (e.g. complete or incomplete)A storyboard feature that can be viewed by character arc or work schedule trackerKeep track of characters, locations, and i tems in different tabsView your Storyboard to see how your narrative is developingGenerate a synopsis based on the notes youve made for each sceneWriteMonkeyScreenshot of WriteMonkey, free novel writing softwareIf you find that youre often distracted while writing on your laptop, WriteMonkey is a great option. It advertises a distraction-free working environment with what seems like a sparse interface, but youll be surprised to learn all of the options it offers. Also, its a portable app, so it runs from a USB drive that you can use on whatever computer you want.Heres what you get for freeWriting software that allows you to focus on your writing without distractionThe ability to copy files and directories in any folder on your machineUSB installation on any windows computerThe freedom to choose your own UI language (separate download), colors, fonts, page layout and many other aspects of the program.A customizable info bar where you can scale up your text for easy reading, save diff erent profiles, etc.Software that is fully UTF-8 compatible and will recognize virtually all international charactersLibreOfficeScreenshot of LibreOffice, free word processing softwareLibreOffice is a project of the not-for-profit organization, The Document Foundation, and is available for Windows, macOS and Linux. Its open-source software that can be used as a replacement for the Microsoft Office Suite, including a word processor called writer. Beyond the word processor, the LibreOffice suite offers users the ability to create and edit spreadsheets, slideshows, diagrams and drawings and is available in 115 languages.LibreOffice Writer offers almost all of the same features seen in Microsoft Word and is a great desktop publishing tool for anyone who doesnt want to pay for the Microsoft Office suite. You can track changes, index, and organize your document with the same ease seen inexpensive word processing programs, and even save your file to make it easily transferable between Libr eOffice and other programs like Microsoft Word.Along with a full set of editing tools, a thesaurus, and dictionaries (in multiple languages), LibreOffice has a great support forum available for any questions you have on how to use the software.

Hochdeutsch - How Germans Came to Speak One Language

Like many countries, Germany contains numerous dialects or even languages within its different states and regions. And just as many Scandinavians claim, the Danes can’t even understand their own language, many Germans have had similar experiences. When you are from Schleswig-Holstein and visit a small village in deep Bavaria, it is more than likely that you will not understand what the indigenous people are trying to tell you. The reason is that a lot of what we now call dialects actually derive from separate languages. And the circumstance that Germans have one fundamentally uniform written language is a big help in our communication. There actually is one man we have to thank for that circumstance: Martin Luther. One Bible for All Believers – One Language for Everyone As you will know, Luther kicked off the Reformation in Germany, making him one of the central figures of the movement in the whole of Europe. One of the focal points of his clerical belief as opposed to the classic Catholic view was that every participant of a church service should be able to understand what the priest read or quoted from the Bible. Up to that point, Catholic services were usually held in Latin, a language most of the people (especially people who didnt belong to the upper class) did not understand. In protest against widespread corruption within the Catholic Church, Luther drafted ninety-five theses that named many of the wrongdoings Luther had identified. They were translated into understandable German and spread all over the German territories. This is usually seen as the trigger of the Reformation movement. Luther was declared an outlaw, and only the patchwork fabric of the German territories provided an environment in which he could hide and live relatively safe ly. He then began to translate the New Testament into German. To be more specific: He translated the Latin original into a mixture of East Central German (his own language) and Upper German dialects. His goal was to keep the text as comprehensible as possible. His choice put speakers of Northern German dialects at a disadvantage, but it seems that this was, language-wise, a general tendency at the time. The â€Å"Lutherbibel† wasn’t the first German Bible. There had been others, none of which could create as much of a fuss, and all of which had been forbidden by the Catholic Church. The reach of Luther’s Bible also benefited from the rapidly expatiating printing presses. Martin Luther had to mediate between translating the â€Å"Word of God† (a highly delicate task) and translating it into a language everyone could grasp. The key to his success was that he stuck to spoken language, which he changed where he deemed it necessary in order to maintain high readability. Luther himself said  that he was trying to write â€Å"living German.† Luther’s German But the importance of the translated bible for the German language rested more in the marketing aspects of the work. The immense reach of the book made it a standardizing factor. Just as we still use some of Shakespeare’s invented words when we speak English, German speakers still use some of Luther’s creations. The fundamental secret of the success of Luther’s language was the length of the clerical controversies his arguments and translations sparked. His opponents soon felt forced to argue in the language that he composed to counter his statements. Exactly because the disputes went so deep and took so long, Luther’s German was dragged all over Germany, making it a common ground for everyone to communicate in. Luther’s German became the single model for the tradition of â€Å"Hochdeutsch† (High German).

Should Music Be Available Online For Free - 919 Words

Copyright is a problem. It always has been and it always will be. Musicians deserve credit for their music, I agree, but that does not mean that music should not be available online for free. It would be efficient, helpful, and easy, if music was available online for free. Everyone is different. Yes, people have similar tastes in music, but not everyone likes the same kind. Therefore, it may be easier for some people finding the music they want to listen to than others. That is one reason why music should be available online for free: to make listening to music more efficient. Alison Wenham, chief executive of Aim, said that consumers should have music â€Å"where they want it, when they want it, and in the form they want it.† Say you do not have a phone or it got lost or you just simply locked yourself out. Music might be a good way to pass the time. So your hands type away at the title of your favorite song, searching it on YouTube. All that comes up is covers and maybe the lyrics to it. That’s not what you wanted, is it? See if music was free online, you would be able to listen to music any time, any where, and any way you wanted it. Someone could argue, â€Å"Well, some people have music stores on there phones and obviously that is w hat they are there for.† True, very true, but in the instance that someone does not have their phone, above, or has yet to purchase a specific song on iTunes or Google Play, they turn to the Internet. That is when disappointment kicks people in theShow MoreRelatedInternet and the Music Industry1092 Words   |  5 PagesInternet and the Music Industry Cassandra Utz University of Phoenix In our society today, there is a growing number of consumers using the Internet as a main source for music. The smaller music companies are having to come up with new and different ways to use the Internet to increase their sales. 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Internal Control and Risk Evaluation Free Essays

A risk is the chance of a negative event occurring. Internal controls are policies and procedures set in place to reduce the occurrence of an associated risk. Risks are never entirely eliminated; however, internal controls help reduce the occurrence and balance the risk. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Control and Risk Evaluation or any similar topic only for you Order Now This brief will discuss the risks of Kudler Fine Food’s current Accounting Information System (AIS). In addition, the internal controls designed to mitigate the risks. Furthermore, this brief evaluates the internal controls for the AIS. Last, this brief addresses other controls, outside of the AIS that Kudler’s may need. Identify Risks According to Hunton, Bryant, and Bagranoff (2004), â€Å"business enterprises face a variety of risks, including business, audit, security, and continuity risks. † Business risk means the company may not achieve its goals and objectives. A review of Kudler’s strategic plan will help determine the business risk. The adoption of the new Just-In-Time (JIT) inventory system would be an IT timing risk. An IT timing risk is an example of an internal business risk that Kudler would face. An audit risk is the likelihood that Kudler’s external auditor would make a mistake in his or her opinion of the financial statements. Audit risks are broken down further into inherent, control, and detection risks. Every business has inherent risk because doing business is risky in itself. Control risks are the likelihood the internal controls the company has in place would not prevent a material error. Detection risks are the likelihood the audit procedure would not detect material errors. Security risks involve data access and integrity. The AIS converts raw data into useful information. To ensure the data integrity, Kudler will need to control the risks associated with collecting and processing the data. By implementing the JIT inventory system and point of sale system, data is processed as soon as something purchased from the stores. This mitigates human error under the old system. Continuity risks are associated with the AIS’ availability, backup, and recovery. Kudler’s will need to implement stronger firewalls and larger servers. This will ensure when Kudler’s does business online, customers will be able to access the website at any given time. Any down time of the website would be potential loss of business. Internal Controls Management must design and implement the internal controls. However, this is just two steps of the control process. Management must evaluate the controls for effectiveness. Kudler’s size would not necessitate an internal auditor; however, an external auditor would be beneficial in testing the effectiveness of the controls. In addition, Kudler’s would need to document policies and procedures to establish an audit trail. According to Bagranoff, Simkin, and Strand, (2008, p. 50-251), these documents should include: 1. â€Å"A chart of accounts (with the purpose of each general ledger account)† 2. â€Å"A complete description of source documents individuals must use to record accounting transactions† 3. â€Å"A comprehensive description of the authority and responsibility assigned to each individual† Controls Outside the AIS Kudler faces other external threats as well. T hese threats can be reduced by securing the AIS with firewalls, anti-virus, anti-spam, and other anti-spyware software. This will deter any potential hacker from accessing confidential information. Whereas, the software will not completely eliminate the risks involved with doing business over the Internet or remotely from each store, the risks will be greatly reduced. Conclusion Risk assessment and internal controls are vital to Kudler’s continued success. Kudler will need to monitor the effectiveness of the internal controls once the new JIT inventory system is in place. In addition, management will need to assess the risks associated with expanding business. However, these risks are balanced out by the expected increase in business transactions to ensure Kudler’s lasting success. How to cite Internal Control and Risk Evaluation, Papers

Pest in Brazil free essay sample

Therefore, the buyer has gotten more choices and quality when it comes to music. Issues still do exist in the music sales industry. As technology has changed from the 8-track, to cassette tape, to CD, and now, to the music download, the industry has dealt with the issue of piracy. While it is easier to sit down and download music illegally on your computer (with the ramifications of criminal recourses there are services currently out there that provide legal alternatives for customers to download their favorite music from the Internet.The objective of this study Is to determine the feasibility of Introducing and selling the Tunes Music Store (items) in Brazil. Macro environmental factors will be analyzed, the marketing matrix will be put into perspective and the Hefted data will be put into detail. The tunes Music Store is an online music service run by Apple Computer through its tunes computer application. We will write a custom essay sample on Pest in Brazil or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Opened on April 28, 2003, the Store proved the practicality of online music sales.As of February 2006, the Store had sold over 1 billion songs, or more than 80% of worldwide online music sales. Downloaded files come with restrictions on their use (as stated above to combat inline music download piracy), enforced by Fairly, Apples version of digital rights management. Debuting on April 28, 2003, the Tunes Music Store was the first online music store to gain widespread media attention. Unlike previous services such as Rhapsody and Musclemen, Apples store allows the user to purchase songs and transfer them easily to the Pod through Tunes.The Pod remains the only dealt music player that works with the tunes Music Store, although some other digital after Apple initiated deals with all four major record labels, MME, Sony BMW (which at he time was still the separate Sony Music Entertainment and BMW), Universal and Manner Brose. Music by more than 600 independent label artists were later added. Ere total offering includes more than 2,000,000 songs, including exclusive tracks from more than 20 artists. Each song can be downloaded for 99 US cents. Free previews are available of every song. Most albums are priced at 9. 9 US dollars, although some longer-than-average albums cost more, and others less. The user can burn downloaded songs to an unlimited number of compact discs, and specific playbills up to seven discs. Currently, the items, is available to consumer whose billing address is in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and United States. On June 15, 2004, the tunes Music Store was launched in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom.Songs were priced at 99 Euro cents (00. 99) for France and Germany, and 79 pence (E. 79) for the United Kingdom. According to an Apple Press Release, the European tunes Music Stores sold a combined total of 800,000 songs in one week, Ninth 450,000 of those songs sold in the I-J. On October 26, 2004, nine more countries Newer added to the tunes Music Store in a large EX. store expansion: Austria, Belgium, Finland, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. This extended availability to all countries in the Euro-zone except for the Republic of Ireland, where the TMS became available on January 6, 2005.These countries also pay 00. 99 for songs, and all these stores share the same catalog and are available only in English. The French, German, American, and British stores are localized for heir respective countries and have different catalogs. On December 3, 2004 the artists Office of Fair Trading referred the tunes Music Store to the European Commission because it prevents consumers in one EX. country from buying music from stores in other EX. countries, in violation of EX. free-trade legislation (the Immediate cause of the referral was because the 00. 9 price charged in the Euro- zone equates to 68 pence in sterling, rather than the 79 pence actually charged there). The tunes Music Store was launched in Canada on December 3, 2004 (where Canadian customers pay $0. 99 (CDC) per song). In May 2005, the tunes Music Store Nas launched in Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Denmark, after about two weeks of speculation about these countries (and Australia) receiving the store. A major crowning achievement was in August 4, 2005, where Apple officially launched the tunes Music Store in Japan on, with 1 million songs available, and 90% of songs are priced at 150 yen.This marked the first time the items was introduced outside the US and Europe). In the next four days after the store had sold one million songs Which out paced that of the U. S. Store). This opening to the worlds second largest USIA market, where pod controls about 30% market share, came after a long delay. In addition, Apple failed to have one set price for singles. Pundits have speculated that this may indicate the introduction of new price structure to the rest of the stores in future, in favor of record labels who would like to see higher prices for new songs. He tunes Music Store was launched in Australia on October 25, 2005, where Individual songs were priced at ADD$I . 69 per track, and album prices varied but are store launch with music videos and short films by Paxar available for $3. 9 each, although TV episodes are not currently available. Stores in the Coles Meyer retail chain sell tunes Music Cards in denominations of $20, $50 and $100. Access was inadvertently given to some people in New Zealand, too. Failed negotiations with the Sony BMW label (which had delayed the launch of the Australian items significantly) meant that none of that labels artists were available at the time of launch.The wider environment is also ever changing, and the marketer needs to compensate for changes in culture, politics, economics and technology. Examples are: Economy Effects of inflation, equines cycles, employment trends, retail and commercial activity, construction activity and availability of capital. Demographics Effects of trends in size, age distribution, education, diversity, income and geographic distribution of the population. Social and cultural factors Changes in consumer values and lifestyles that affect the purchasing behavior of the target market. Politics/law Effects of regulation and legislation. Technology Changes in technology affecting not only products and services but their delivery. Natural environment Ecological or other natural concernsflooding, earthquakes, pollution, etc. that may affect the organizations markets or operations. This way to analyze whether convergence or divergence exists in Brazil is to do a PEST analysis. A PEST analysis is an examination of the external macro-environment that affects all firms. P. E. S. T. Is an acronym for the Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors of the external macro-environment.As stated above, such external factors usually are beyond the firms control and sometimes present themselves as threats. For this reason, some say that pest is an appropriate term for these factors. However, changes in the external environment also create new opportunities and the letters sometimes are rearranged to construct the more optimistic term of STEP analysis. Many macro-environmental factors are country- specific. Yet, the number of macro-environmental factors is virtually unlimited. In practice, the firm must prioritize and monitor those factors that influence its industry.Even so, it may be difficult to forecast future trends with an acceptable level of accuracy. In this regard, the firm may turn to scenario planning techniques to deal Ninth high levels of uncertainty in important macro-environmental variables. Insert Pest Analysis Here) marketing strategies. It specifies the mixing of various factors in such a way that both organizational and consumer (target markets) objectives are attained. When applying the model for marketing mix, marketers must consider their target market In this case, Brazil). They must understand the wants and needs (Mason described four categories of human needs, named as conceive needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs and neurotic needs) of the market (in which the customer is buying music) then use these mix elements in constructing an appropriate marketing strategies and Lana that will satisfy these wants. The mix must also meet or exceed the objectives of the organization. In some cases, a separate marketing mix is usually crafted for each product offering or for each market segment, depending on the organizational structure of the firm.In this case, it is important for a savvy, internet-based market to be in place to be successful (so one marketing mix should be feasible). Marketing decisions generally fall into four controllable categories (subject to internal and external environmental constraints), product, price, placement, and promotion. The product side of the marketing mix refers to the tangible (or physical) products as well as services. In marketing, a product is anything that can be offered too market that might satisfy a want or need. The overall goal is the complete bundle of benefits or satisfactions that buyers perceive they will obtain if they purchase the product. It is the sum of all physical, psychological, symbolic, and service attributes. Some things to consider when it comes to product decisions are brand name, functionality, quality, packaging, etc. In this case, Apple is looking to market there Tunes online music store to Brazil. Tunes offers music and videos (television shows, music videos) a la carte downloaded from Apples servers to the customers computer IA an internet link.There are three aspects to any product (or service in this case). Ere first would be core benefits. Does a consumer get in-use, psychological, or problem reducing benefit? The core benefit that Apple is affording its customers is music. The main thing (problem reduction) going for the online store compared the common compact disc is that you can go online, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, from the convenience of your home and buy music. The second aspect is tangible service. Does the service have a quality or style to it?Just by research alone, Apple derives approximately 40% of its revenue yearly from its tunes Online Music store and pod portable music player. There is a certain positive brand name when Apple is associated with music. The third aspect is augmented services (I. E. Installation, delivery, maintenance). A good portion of this doesnt apply, for the exception of maintenance. The online store will suspend a download if your internet connection goes down and resume later. Pricing is the process of applying prices to purchase and sales orders, based on retain factors.These factors are fixed amount, quantity break, promotion or sales campaign, specific vendor quote, etc. The selection off price for a service (Apples case of a la carte pricing for a song for example) should have three things working for it; the price should achieve the financial goals of the firm. Does the price, in the end, bring the company profitability? The next criterion is affordability. By setting a price, Nail your customers use your service and buy the music? Lastly, does the price marketing mix (does your placement dictate a high price).From the marketers point f view, an efficient price is a price that is very close to the maximum that customers are prepared to pay. In economic terms, it is a price that shifts most of the consumer surplus to the producer. To determine the price of a download, you first need to riff the current price in US terms. Currently, the price off music download in the US is $. 99. Considering the conversion between the US dollar and the Brazilian Real is: 1 Brazil real = 0. 468121 U. S. Dollars. Thus, the price would be about 2. 11 Real. He next step in the process is to identify whether or not a consumer in Brazil would pay that much for a download. One comparison that can be made is the purchase of compact discs. Let us say that the price off compact disc is IIS$15 in Brazil. If we consider the fact that median household income is about eight times higher in the USA than in Brazil, the comparable price would be US$xx = IIS$120 per compact disc in the USA. Now, it would certainly be difficult to imagine how anyone in the USA Mould pay such a high price, one that is completely out of line with the costs of production.Furthermore, the remarkable thing is that all of the recorded music producers felt that it was necessary to have keep their prices at this same level. Taken into consideration, it would be a lot harder for consumers to purchase compact discs at this price, so then we would need to consider the single download price to be a sufficient legal way of acquiring music. Placement is about getting the products to the customer. Some examples of placement decisions are distribution channels, market coverage, inventory management, and order processing. With comparison to other main stay distributors of compact discs, the tunes Online Music store comes to you at your home. This makes it a better convenience for many people. The store can extend out to a wider engage of music lovers and can sell at a price that people can afford. The main question would be does Brazil has the amount of computer users at home to be able to have access to the online store? In a survey as early as last year in Brazil only about 10 per cent of the population (170 million people) has home computers.Yet, razzs President, Luis Niacin ad Silva, is keen to bridge what he perceives to be a huge technology gap between Brazil and more advanced economies. This needs in tune with whether or not Apple perceives an investment into the biggest economy in South America feasible with only a small percentage of homes having computers. Promotion represents the various aspects of the marketing communication. This is the communication of information about the product with the goal of generating a positive customer response.Some promotional decisions include strategy (weather or not to use push or pull, advertising, and sales. A promotional plan can have a Med range of objectives, including: sales increases, new product acceptance, creation of brand equity, positioning, competitive retaliations, or creation of a corporate image. Promotion in Brazil can not only span the computer user initiative Which could be a potential hindrance), but also in paper print, television, and radio. It would be on the same range as other music initiatives (compact discs in brick and mortar buildings). ND the United States: Figure 1: Hefted Dimensions for Brazil Figure 2: Hefted Dimensions for the United States country Abbreviation GNP/cap PDP DIVIDE MASS AU racial 3,060 69 384976 65 united states USA 34870 4091 624629 LTO Table 1: Hefted Dimensions summarized for the USA and Brazil Figure 3: Side by Side com parison of the USA and Brazil racial is similar to many Latin American countries when analyzing Hypotheses Dimensions (see Figure 4 below): Figure 4: Hefted Dimensions for Latin American Countries Ere Hefted Dimensions are noted as the Power Distance Index (PDP), Individualism DIVIDE), Masculinity (MASS), Uncertainty Avoidance Index (AJAX), and Long-Term Orientation (L TO). The best way to identify chances of success of the tunes online music store is to compare dimensions for where the store is already profitable: the US. The Power Distance Index (PDP) focuses on the degree of equality, or inequality, between people in the countrys society. A High Power Distance ranking indicates that Inequalities of power and wealth have been allowed to grow within the society. These societies are more likely to follow a caste system that does not allow significant upward mobility of its citizens.A Low Power Distance ranking indicates the society De-emphasizes the differences between citizens power and wealth. In these societies equality and opportunity for everyone is stressed. Brazil scores a 69 for PDP with respect to 40 for the USA (This is indicative of a greater equality between societal levels, including government, organizations, and even within families. This orientation reinforces a cooperative interaction across power levels and creates a more stable cultural environment). There is a significant comparison to dependency here. People will side too tendency on relationships with friends and family, while in the USA; there is a focus on independence.In the case of the online music store, people in Brazil might weigh more on decision making on other people rather than themselves (as people in the USA would make their own decisions about the store). Individualism (DIVIDE) focuses on the degree the society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships. A High Individualism ranking indicates that individuality and individual rights are paramount within the society. Individuals in these societies may tend to form a larger number of looser relationships. A Low Individualism ranking typifies societies of a more collectivist nature with close ties between individuals. These cultures reinforce extended families and collectives where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group. Brazil has a slightly higher Individualism (DIVIDE) rank of 38 compared to the average Latin population score of 21 (see figures 1 and 4). However, virtually all he Latin countries are considered to be Collectivist societies as compared to Individualist cultures. This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member group, be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty is a major difference between the USA and Brazil with respect to individualism. The high Individualism (DIVIDE) ranking for the United States indicates a society with a more individualistic attitude and relatively loose bonds with others.The populace is more self-reliant and looks out for themselves and their close family members. This shows ore of a individualistic nature towards products. Most of Apples products, from the online store the pod, would be considered trendy, and thus something that would be accepted. In Brazil, the online store would be more socially accepted on a national scale to be successful. The issue with the derivation on change would be the main sticking point. Masculinity (MASS) focuses on the degree the society reinforces, or does not reinforce, the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control, and power. A High Masculinity ranking indicates the country experiences a high degree of gender differentiation.In these cultures, males dominate a significant portion of the society and power structure, with females being controlled by male domination. A Low Masculinity ranking indicates the country has a low level of differentiation and discrimination between genders. In these cultures, females are treated equally to males in all aspects of the society. There is a moderate difference between the scores of Brazil (49) and the United States (62). With respect to the USA, the country experiences a higher degree of gender differentiation of roles. The male dominates a significant portion of the society and power structure. This situation enervates a female population that becomes more assertive and competitive, with Omen shifting toward the male role model and away from their female role.This Mould discriminate more between cultures particularly with respect to values relating to winning, success, and status (which using considerably in advertising and marketing). The advertising of the music store would have to be toned down a notch Ninth respect to how its done in the USA (to pertain more to the feminist side of the country). Uncertainty Avoidance Index (AJAX) focuses on the level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity within the society I. . Unstructured situations. A High Uncertainty Avoidance ranking indicates the country has a low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. This creates a rule-oriented society that institutes laws, rules, regulations, and controls in order to reduce the amount of uncertainty.A Low Uncertainty Avoidance ranking indicates the country has less concern about ambiguity and uncertainty and has more tolerance for a variety of opinions. This is reflected in a society that is less rule-oriented, more readily accepts change, and takes more and greater risks. Braziers highest Hefted Dimension is Uncertainty Avoidance (AJAX) is 76, indicating the societys low level of tolerance for uncertainty. In an effort to minimize or reduce this level of uncertainty, strict rules, laws, policies, and regulations are adopted and implemented. The ultimate goal of this population is to control everything in order to eliminate or avoid the unexpected.As a result of this high Uncertainty Avoidance characteristic, the society does not readily accept change and is very risk adverse. This compares to the USA with a score of 46. The low ranking in the Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension is indicative of a society that has ewer rules and does not attempt to control all outcomes and results. It also has a greater level of tolerance for a variety of ideas, thoughts, and beliefs. Brazil would of all likelihood have an issue with an acceptance off new product. The swaying factor of uncertainty avoidance. Long-Term Orientation (L TO) focuses on the degree the society embraces, or does not embrace, long-term devotion to traditional, forward thinking values.High Long-Term Orientation ranking indicates the country prescribes to the values of long-term commitments and respect for tradition. This is thought to purport a strong work ethic where long-term rewards are expected as a result of todays hard work. However, business may take longer to develop in this society, particularly for an outsider. A Low Long-Term Orientation ranking indicates the country does not reinforce the concept of long-term, traditional orientation. In this culture, change can occur more rapidly as long-term traditions and commitments do not become impediments to change. Brazil (with a score of 65) direct comparison to the United States (score of 29) shows a potential boundary for acceptance of a new product. BEHAVIORAL IMPLICATIONSBRAND PERSONALITY TRAITS, EMOTIONS IN ADVERTISING AND COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE Marketers seek to develop or align the expectations comprising the brand experience through branding, so that a brand carries the promise that a product or service has a certain quality or characteristic which make it special or unique. A brand image may be developed by attributing a personality to or associating an image with a product or service, whereby the personality or image is branded into the consciousness of consumers. Brand Personality is defined to be the attribution of human personali ty traits (seriousness, warmth, imagination, etc. To brand as a way to achieve differentiation. This is usually done through long-term above-the-line advertising and appropriate packaging and graphics. These traits inform brand behavior through both prepared communication/packaging, etc. , and through the people who represent the brand its employees. What makes the tunes Online Music store a unique instance with respect to other services or products because of the technology factor. Through changes from other innovations (I. E. The cassette to the CD), the consumers in Brazil has shown a convergence nature. Counter groups have related to the image of the music store (with many older generations resistant to change). This can be conceived as youthful attribution to brand personality.A common tread into what and how consumers brand and differentiate products would be the use of emotion. Thus, marketing and advertising Nail play on these emotion in advertising to sway people toward a product. The problem with this is the interpretation of what emotions a consumer might feel about said product. For example if the product is being marketed in Japan and its supposed to convey a feeling of comfort in a time of need, the ability to play on the motions of a consumer to buy the product or invest in a service might be misconstrued do to the way the advertising is pitched. This brings up the idea of rational vs. . Emotional advertising.This choice depends on the nature of the product and the type of relationship that consumers have with it. Overall, the desired consumer end result will depend on how you pitch the advertisement. What ties brand personality traits and emotions is how you communicate. The concept behind this can be conveyed through the classic communications model. Researchers have developed a model that depicts the relationships among the various factors that he process: Figure 5: The Communication Process Ere communications model specifies that a number of elements are necessary for communication to be achieved. The components are as follows: Source: An individual or character who is delivering the message.Message: Content and execution of the message itself. Receivers: Interpret the message. Feedback: Information going from receiver to source (or marketer behind source). Much of the behavioral implications that might be taken into consideration can be breaking do was to who will be the source of the message (Man, woman, child, celebrity, athlete). As the message is constructed, should the message emphasize negative consequences, show a direct comparison with competition or present a fantasy? When speaking about what media will transmit the message, what would the tunes Music Store use? Print ad, television, door-to-door, Web site (through a computer which is the most obvious)?Yet, most importantly, what are the characteristics of the target market? Are they young, old, frustrated, status-oriented? As this all intertwines together, you can see how your product can use emotional targeted adv ertising to achieve a certain brand in the eyes of the consumer. Much of the foreign markets (as even compared to the US) see the tunes and tunes related products as something hip, young and cool with visions of people in the early twenties walking around in the own little world listening to their pod with the music they downloaded from the tunes Music Store. While a French student is walking around in Paris, a group of teenage Japanese girls are downloading new tunes from their favorite band. He report can be summed up by making one strict comparison to determine if this service would be feasible. As stated before, the store is currently available in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and United States. The GNP/cap on average for all the countries on this list span from the low end of $10,000 to the high end of $34,000 (statistics on Luxembourg were unavailable). The GNP/cap of Brazil is three times less the low end. This can coincide in line with the pricing model being a concern.While adapting the general pricing to the Real, the common household makes 8 times less then the US household. Another potential roadblock is the percentage of homes noted in the report that do have computers. With only 10% of homes in Brazil having computers, the extent of the market via home based consumers will be a major concern. While this might be dire situation, recommendations to the marketing manager might look to 5 years from now where technology and GNP/cap could change the outlook on whether to market the service. Ninth the comments made within the last year by the president to embrace technology, the country shouldnt be too behind in getting into the stream of the American, so it would be a logical place to start.