Research report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report - Research Paper Example In this article therefore, Chen and Chien-Yu conduct a research among students to prove whether students appreciate and consider this test relevant or not. For the study process, the authors used 92 students as the subjects. These were enrolled in a technical college and were part of a remedial class for English proficiency test in their college. These students comprised 75 male and 17 females. Among these participants, 30% studied Applied English, 22% studied Applied Japanese, 25% majored in International Trade, and the remaining 14% majored in Business Management. Therefore, more than a half of the students in this study specialized in applied language. The type of research method adopted by the authors is quantitative. Therefore, through this study, the authors were able to establish the different attitudes of students toward the TOEIC English proficiency test (Chen and Chien-Yu 1-2). After the study, results showed that more than half of the researched students appreciated the TO EIC English proficiency test. Specifically, of those students studied, 63% agreed that they considered the TOEIC guidebook as an important resource in the learning of English grammar. With regard to vocabulary, more than 67% agreed that this guidebook was a great source of reference for English vocabulary. On the other hand, 75% of these college students considered the TOEIC guidebook as essential for reading in English. Nonetheless, close to 60% of them anticipated using the TOEIC guidebook in their English lessons during their freshman year. In addition, 76% of the students agreed that this guidebook has increased their level of interest in learning English (Chen and Chien-Yu 2-3). Overall, the study results point out that the TOEIC test is highly appreciated among students, as a way of testing proficiency. I feel this is true. First, language proficiency tests are important in order to determine a person’s proficiency in a language. Therefore, this is an important language instrument to be used in schools and companies. For example, in international companies, new employees from different countries must be proficient in the English language, because this is an international language for standard communication. Communication is core to companies; therefore, the TOEIC English proficiency test is important for establishing if an individual qualifies to work for the international company, based on their English language proficiency. Additionally, students from different countries wishing to study in the USA or other international countries, which use English language, must be tested for their proficiency in the language using this test, for effective learning process. Chen and Chien-Yu (4) note that, â€Å"an assessment can assist learning if it provides feedback and it becomes a formative assessment which can bring teaching to meet learning needs.† Therefore, to this end, I recommend that high schools in all countries should prepare their student s for TOEIC tests, since after high school; many students are exposed to this test, and many others. Works Cited Chen, Han-Kwang, and Chien-Yu Chiu. "Utilizing Proficiency Test as an English Language Learning Instrument." The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning 7.1 (2011): 1-5. ProQuest. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. Part 2: Food Inc Food Inc. is a documentary that was filmed in 2008. This documentary addresses important issues relating to food and the corporations today. The system of food production

Film Journal Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Film Journal - Personal Statement Example The motivation factor behind this course of action is to show Fifty Shades of Grey is not advancing modern feminism. My discovery that fits this story particularly is Freud’s treatment of Masochism and sadism in his discussion of sexual aberrations. Christian is a direct embodiment of Oedipus complex. The term is used to signify a child’s desire to have sex with his parents. In our case, Freud might suggest that Christian lacks an outlet that can help him master the Oedipus complex. He thus finds girls and women who can represent his mother and exploits them sexually in order to get the feeling of control of his past and sexuality. Analyzing the movie, The Girl with The Dragon tattoo, I would focus on the incident where Lisbeth is assaulted by her guardian. The movie misses a bold opportunity to project voyeurism in the incidents of recorded or photographed violence. The movie could have revealed more about the real and scary human fascination as well as preoccupation with violence and sex

Differences Between Intergovernmentalism And Constructivism Regarding The Eu Politics Essay

Differences Between Intergovernmentalism And Constructivism Regarding The Eu Politics Essay When considering these two theories in defining approaches to describe the European Union, we face the debate of agents versus structures. A constructivist approach means that it considering individual actors inside the structures in which they operate to have a significant impact on shaping their identity and behavior. Moreover, constructivism conceives of structures not only as material, but also social. Furthermore, these structures are not only constraints on behavior. Actors environment has a constitutive effect on actors identities on the basis of which they conceive their interests (Sedelmeier, 2005). Clearly, constructivism then takes into account the social factor, the one ignored by rational theory of maximum utility. For the EU, this means that it is not only an economic environment, one based on a materialistic approach. In fact, it is a cultural and social environment which shapes actors identities and interests (Sedelmeier, 2005). For constructivists the claim is that t hey study the integration of the European Union as a process (Cini, 2007). For constructivists then the focus becomes the formation, origins and evolution of identities, behavior related to languages and its role in political discourse, the role of social institutions etc. When we talk about constructivists we should see how the behavior regarding evolution of economic units, political institutions etc. emerges not because of material differences emerging in the economy but because of the process of emerging European identities (Cini, 2007) and the role social factors such as language , ideas and societal norms in these emerging identities. The liberal intergovernmentalist (LI) approach is based on political bargaining of states between governments, as in the case of treaties and reforms. In this approach, the power does not rest in social behavior or agents; in fact it is the political elite which has the power to improve interstate relations. The interaction then is between two forces; the member states and the EU Councils. In other words, This generally involves a two-stage process of negotiation. First, governments must resolve the policy problems that confront them; taking decisions to that effect; and only after that do they try to reach agreement on institutional mechanisms which would allow them to implement those decisions (Cini, 2007). As mentioned before, the political elite, meaning the governments of the member states are the main actors and the EU remains a forum for bargaining (Akiba, Fukuda, 2003). This theory holds that only the member state governments have the autonomy and can design the institutional system of the EU (Akiba, Fukuda, 2003). The limitations that this approach faces, especially when compared to constructivism is the fact that both theories slightly undermine the pace and the extent of the integration process and the autonomy that the EU has gained over the years in the sense that it has been increasingly ratifying treaties which have given more power to the Union. References: Cini, M. (2007). European Union Politics. Oxford University Press. Fukuda, K., Akiba, H. (2003). European Governance After Nice. Routledge. Sedelmeier, U. (2005). Constructing the Path to Eastern Enlargement. Manchester University Press. How do Multi-Level Governance understandings of the EU describe, and explain the advent of, the present EU political system? When discussing the integration of the EU as an institution, the arguments between intergovernmentalists and constructivist, as well as supranationalist, federalist and confederalist approaches are somewhat diminished by the theory surrounding multi level governance of the EU; indeed, it has given way to the fact that the EU operates more as a single European Regime or European polity (Akiba, Fukuda, 2003). Multi level governance considers the role of the State in decision making as important, but not entire. In fact, decision making competencies are shared by actors at different levels rather than monopolized by national governments (Hooghe, Marks, 2001). This of course means that the decision making rests with the supranational institutions- the European Parliament, European Commission and the European Court. These institutions have independent influence in policy making (Hooghe, Marks, 2001). The two other important factors which are taken into account by multi level governance ar e the collective decision making process; i.e. policies enforced across the EU without wholehearted from all the national states and the sharing of control and autonomy relating to domestic politics between national governments and supranational institutions. This obviously refers to the fact that politics at the international and domestic level are greatly interconnected, a theory on which the multi level governance model is based. One of the examples of multi level governance and the perceived limited autonomy of the nation state in the EU is displayed by the majority voting system in the EU Council of Ministers. This voting can be on issues relating to internal trade, the environment, research policy (Hooghe, Marks, 2001). So in relation to the definitions discussed above, how would a multi level governance system explain the EU of today, and secondly, why would such a system be supported considering that it is taking power away from national actors and placing it with bodies at a supranational level? The answer is to consider the other actors present in nation states who might on one hand affect policy making, actors such as pressure groups and interest groups. The Council of Ministers is only represented by governments, not other actors. This might be looked on as an advantage by national governments in policy enforcement. Secondly, the EU itself has huge arenas of policy making and regulation under its umbrella, a most important one being trade. The trade benefits that member states receive are a result of greater integration of the European market. The concept of multi level governance is parallel to that of integration but analyzed differently because it focuses more on the various territorial lev els policy making has stretched over and how authority has shifted. There has been a drift of authority from the national to the European level which forces us to think of it as a political system across multiple levels including national and subnational arenas of action as well as the institutional environment of Brussels (Cini, 2007). Parallel to integration, we can see that the governance itself rests with multiple bodies of policy making and legislation, in the form of the evolution of the EU from a mere economic body to that of an organization consisting of its own Parliament, a Court (ECJ) and a Council of Ministers, all far reaching institutions that a single treaty establishing a European Coal and Steel Community. The idea behind this argument rests in the framework with which Europeanization scholars define the process of integration and the institutional changes taking place in the EU. The focus has shifted from thesis defining the framework to closely analyze the causal relationship surrounding the procedural changes, for instance, that of EUs domestic impact. It might be termed as a second generation of European studies (Gualini, 2004). The stress however, has recently shifted from policy at the international level to the way in which integration has affected national governments (Archer, 2008). The rationale behind this shift is the question that how European integration has affected domestic administrative practices and structures (Archer, 2008). This is more of a top-down approach toward Europeanization (Borzel, Risse, 2003). It is necessary to see the way Europeanization has affected domestic policies and institutions because it helps in understanding the integration process better bec ause according to one theory, policies enacted by the European Union must create some misfit in the administrative policies on a domestic level and this I one reason why change or adaotaion takes place on the domestic level (Borzel, Risse, 2003). This opinion is supported by rational choice institutionalism, simple that the process of change is initiated by greater distribution of power among the domestic administrative powers because interest groups might find opportunities in EU policies which could provide them with ways to pursue their own interests, if only they recognize such opportunities. Secondly, it also suggests that Europeanization leads to domestic change through a differential empowerment of actors resulting from a redistribution of resources at the domestic level (Borzel, Risse, 2003). The distribution of power is one reason why theorists have shifted from analyzing Europeanization in theory only, but in fact, have concentrated in recent times to see what extent chang e at the domestic level has been brought around by the process of Europeanization. The second way in which domestic change has been analyzed is through the lens of the constructivist perspective or logic of appropriateness. In this case, European policies and norms affect domestic processes by exerting adaptational pressures (Borzel, Risse, 2003) through change agents and other informal actors in the political processes. This is also supported by the collective learning process and connects more with the opinion of how new identities are formed through collective learning and social change. Essentially it is important to note that Europeanization as a policy offers new standards of policy to be implemented on the domestic level through political processes of implementation which in turn affects polity which affects domestic-level institutions, e.g. judiciary, public institutions, economic institutes etc. As one analyst puts it, The issue is no longer whether Europe matters but how it matters, to what degree, in what direction, at what pace, and at what point of tim e (Borzel, Risse, 2003). This is the reason through which the European Union, less as a policy and more as an institute of political change at the domestic level, is studied to understand the causal mechanisms of change. References: Archer, C. (2008). The European Union. Taylor Francis. Borzel, T., Risse, T. (2003). The Politics of Europeanization. Oxford University Press. Gualini, E. (2004). Multi-level Governance Political Change. Ashgate Publishing. Why has the EU relied so much on economic integration to deepen the integration process as a whole? In 1951 the Treaty of Paris established the European Coal and Steel Community, one of the first formal steps taken toward European integration. Robert Schuman, the French Foreign Minister at that time was of the opinion that a united Europe was essential for peace in the region. The reason why EU has relied so much on economic integration depends mostly on the objectives of integration. After a war torn Europe, the idea was to rebuild Europe and also to defend against a future war which would serve as a destabilizing and destructing force for all of Europe. Economic integration was, and is, a rationale to serve a higher purpose, which is both economic and political (Molle, 2006). The economic integration would mean that the states would rather serve as a collective economic entity than an individual one. The benefits of this are increasing chances of peace and security in the reason because economies are interdependent. Greater dependence on each other economically means that chances of armed conflict between them would be minimal (Molle, 2006). The framework for the European Union can be said to have laid down when the Marshall Plan was introduced with the objective of the reconstruction of Western Europe. The introduction of the though of a unified European Steel production body thus was seen by both Schuman and Monnet as a realistic way in which conflict could be avoided. In Schumans word, the solidarity in the production thus established will make it plain that any war between France and Germany becomes not merely unthinkable but materially impossible (Jovanovic, 2005). In other words, the objective of peace is much more easily obtained when economies are linked together. Another important factor which proved once again the success of economic integration, relatively to integration progress in other areas, was the abolishment of all internal tariffs. This took place approximately a year and half before the Treaty of Rome was ratifies (Jovanovic, 2005). The result was economic benefits which ranged over a variety of industries, exports and imports and was the main attractive feature which cause Britain to apply for membership to the EC. Economy, it was seen, was a core feature which resulted in expansion of the EU and caused potential member states to right their situations, to improve their economic performance to be eligible to be apart of the EU. The arguments which have been used by pro-integration forces have therefore been focusing on the benefits obtained from economic integration, namely, increase in welfare by an increase in GDP per capita. A common economic ground formed on the basis of integration gives way to common policy ideals or support of policies which would strengthen, not weaken, the economic integration and vice versa. The Treat of Lisbon came into effect as a result of the global financial crisis and what it meant for the economy of the EU as a whole. The purpose was to control the situation financially inside the EU markets to promote financial stability and to offer security against unstable financial markets in whatever way possible. Since the monetary and financial markets of the EU are connected through means of a common currency, i.e. the Euro, financial crisis has the power to economically destabilize the entire region and there should be safeguards to minimize this threat. As a result, a European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and a European Stability Mechanism (ESM) has been set up to provide financial aid packages to countries severely affected by the financial crisis. For changes introduced in the European political sphere, the Lisbon Treaty takes into account the difference between delegated and executive acts, a distinction which was not considered by previous Treaties (Ponzano, 2008). Overall, this change means that the European Parliament has been granted a much stronger role than before whereby the Commission takes responsibility for delegated acts under the direct control of the European Parliament and the Council, giving each of the possibility of opposing the measure or revoking the delegation (Griller, Ziller, 2008). The second important political change the Treaty brings about is the double majority voting in the Qualified Majority Voting System in the European Council. The European Council also gains the status of a full European Union institution. The result of course, shows that the Lisbon Treaty granted more powers to the European Parliament, followed by the European Council. The Treaty of Lisbon has its roots in the failed ratification of the Constitutional Treaty. Establishing a Constitution for Europe has been a long-term shadow over European integration, a step that not many of the member states have been willing to take. Some questions put forth by Piris show considerable insight into the Lisbon Treaty and the circumstances surrounding it. For instance, is the Lisbon a mere repackaging of the Constitution of Europe (Piris, 2010)? Indeed the Lisbon Treaty has granted powers to the Parliament, the Court of Justice and the Commission to ensure greater balance of power in the EU. Secondly, the European Parliament, along with the national Parliaments of member states have been given the possibility of intervening directly in the EU legislative process (Piris, 2010). It definitely provides national Parliaments enough power to affect legislative process in the EU. A major difference however, between the Lisbon Treaty and the Constitutional treaty is the aba ndonment of transforming the EU into a federal body. That objective, according to Piris, has been fully deserted to be replaced by Euro-sceptic elements which to some extent limit the power of the EU.

Overview Of Intellectual Property Essay -- IP Copyright

Intellectual Property Table of Contents Overview of Intellectual Property 3 Types of Intellectual Property Rights 3 Industrial property 4 Copyright 5 Controversy of Intellectual Property 5 Intellectual Property in the Digital Age 7 No Electronic Theft Act 9 Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 9 Case Study Involving Intellectual Property – Domain Names 9 Conclusion 11 Overview of Intellectual Property The term intellectual property refers to the innovations of the human mind. Intellectual property rights protect the interests of these innovators by giving them property rights attached to those ideas. The term "intellectual property rights" stands for these legal rights that authors, inventors, and other creators have. Intellectual property laws relate to a particular way in which ideas or information is expressed or displayed, but not the actual ideas or exact concept itself. The first use of the expression "intellectual property" appears to be October 1845, in Davoll vs. Brown, a patent case in Massachusetts. Justice Charles Woodbury said that "only in this way can we protect intellectual property, the labors of the mind, productions and interests as much a man's own...as the wheat he cultivates, or the flocks he rears." Though coined many years prior, the term has only become popular very recently. It was uncommon to hear the expression until the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization in 1967, which then actively promoted the term. Types of Intellectual Property Rights There are currently many different ways to protect intellectual property. Intellectual property is divided into two main categories: industrial property, which includes patents, trademarks, industrial desi... ...he domain name to the owner of the mark†. The court can also award statutory damages between $1,000 and $100,000 per domain name. In this case, Gallo would most likely receive the transfer of the domain name to his ownership. He will also probably receive damages, perhaps his court costs and whatever the court deemed fair to compensate him for the damage done by the defendant using the site to negatively impact his name and business. Conclusion Intellectual property can be a confusing term, but it is an important concept. The ramifications of strengthening or relaxing its grip on the way we interact and use information today will affect future generations in ways that may be unclear, but undeniably powerful. It is important to balance the rights of individuals on either side of the law, so information can be applied to what we need it for the most, growth.

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Frederick Douglas in Relation to Self-Reliance Essay

Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in 1803 in Boston although his family were not wealthy they were well connected, privileged and educated. Emerson attended Harvard, Harvard Divinity School and became a minister interested in such topics as non-conformity, the individual and the soul. Frederick Douglass was born in 1817 in Maryland the son of a slave and white man. He was born into slavery, saw his mother only a few times and did not know his father. Douglass went on to be an abolitionist, an editor of a newspaper, an avid writer and lecturer. These two men couldn’t have been from more diverse worlds. They may as well have been from different planets. While walking the green sunlit quads of Harvard, Emerson was fleshing out his esoteric thoughts on the soul, nonconformity of the individual and the subtleties of self-reliance. In contrast, Douglass was in a dark barn being beaten on his bare flesh by a brutal overseer who held the key to the gate of slavery. This beating took place in August of 1833 while Emerson had already written a few of his ideas in his journal for his essay, Self-reliance by 1832. (Self -Reliance was first published in 1841). Slavery was a subculture set up for the benefits of farmers, plantation owners and rich city folk who could afford to buy people – not hire them but buy them. The slaves were isolated McTeigue 2 physically and mentally from the rest of the community and the world in order to maintain control and keep them within the bounds of the strict unspoken codes of slavery set up by the their owners. The codes signed, sealed and delivered by the overseers or the masters of the slaves. And when that didn’t work they were sold and separated from any family and friends they had. The system of slavery didn’t allow and didn’t encourage the development of the individual person. Man or woman. Instead as Douglass states relating to the slave, â€Å"It is necessary to darken his moral and mental vision, and, as far as possible, to annihilate the power of reason. He must be able to detect no inconsistencies in slavery; he must be made to feel that slavery is right; and he can be brought to that only when he ceases to be a man† (Douglass 1790). Douglass transforms the collective mindset of him the slave to that of an individual, self-reliant man without the ivy clad buildings in which Emerson ruminated, pondered and wrote. For slavery to exist there could be no individual man or woman that had ownership rights over his or her own body or mind; despite this truth Douglass escapes from slavery and clearly steers destiny into his homeport of freedom hitting all the main points of Emerson’s theories on SelfReliance; trusting-self, non-conformity and intuition on the way there. Trusting yourself on the path to Emerson’s, Self-Reliance, and becoming an individual is one of the main tenets of Emerson’s writings. â€Å"A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within, more than the lustre of the firmament of bards and sages† (Emerson 1334). Frederick Douglass’s first â€Å"gleam of light† was in the songs the slaves sang on the way to their masters main house. He describes the songs which were McTeigue 3 sung in deep tones like anguished souls as prayers for deliverance from slavery. Douglass states, â€Å"To those songs I trace my first glimmering of the dehumanizing character of slavery† (Douglass 1754). A seed was planted and took hold in his soul. He continued to listened for clues along the way to trust and believe. A pivotal opportunity to trust himself in a new revelation was offered to Douglass while learning the alphabet and simple words at the home of his new master’s in Baltimore. When the father of the house found out that his wife was teaching the slave boy how to read, she was told that for one thing it was against the law. But the main point of his disapproval was this as told by Douglass, â€Å"if you teach that nigger how to read, there would be no keeping him. It would forever unfit him to be a slave. He would at once become unmanageable, and of no value to his master. As to himself, it could do him no good . . . It would make him discontented and unhappy† (Douglass 1762). Douglass explains that it was in this moment that he understood what the key was from slavery to freedom. It was learning to read, write and become an educated man. He trusted this truth. To quote Emerson, â€Å"To believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men,-that is genius† (Emerson 1334). In having this truth revealed to him he also later instructed other slaves how to read and write. He knew it wasn’t going to be easy from this point on to learn but he did any way he could. He learned from boys on the streets of Baltimore and from his master’s child’s school books. Trusting himself on this new information was the key piece to freedom which firmly planted him on his path to escaping slavery. To speak of non-conformity as another one of the elements of Emerson’s, Self-Reliance, that leads to the path of self is to scream to the conformity of slavery. To quote Emerson, â€Å"What I McTeigue 4 must do is all that concerns me, not what people think. The rule, equally arduous in actual and intellectual life, may serve for the whole distinction between greatness and meanness† (Emerson 1337). But to non-conform as a slave was to beaten regularly by the overseer or master and if that didn’t work the slave was sold and sent away. In one extreme case Douglass tells the story of an overseer shooting a slave in the face in front of other slaves because the slave didn’t get out of a creek when told to by the overseer. When asked by the owner of the plantation why he shot the slave, Douglass recalls the justification, â€Å"He was setting a dangerous example to the other slaves,-one which, if suffered to pass without some such demonstration on his part, would finally lead to the total subversion of all rule and order upon the plantation† (Douglass 1758). With these experiences and stories slaves were kept down from entertaining thoughts of freedom or individuality. They conformed not only because it was a way of life; it was survival. Non-conformity came at a price even death as just revealed but for a few the risk was worth the price for possible freedom even if it was only one step toward intellectual freedom from a master. In a pivotal event toward breaking away from the mindset of slavery Douglass rises up against one of his master’s, Mr. Covey and engages in a physical brawl. Mr Covey was going to tie up Douglass and begin another round of beatings following the first round from the previous day. Not only did Douglass physically beat up Covey, he also told him that yes he was going to continue the fight because he had been abusing him for the past six months. Douglass explains in his narrative that this event gave him confidence and the determination to be free. He states, â€Å"My long-crushed spirit rose, cowardice departed . . . and I now resolved that, however long I might remain a slave in form, the day had passed forever when I could be a slave in fact† (Douglass 1779). Douglass crossed the line that day from conformity to non-conformity. McTeigue 5 Douglass’s actions in the above example and the way he progresses through his life’s journey embodies this profound paragraph of Emerson’s whereby he explains that â€Å"conforming to the usages that have become dead to you . . . scatters your force. It loses your time and blurs the impression of your character† (Emerson 1337). He goes on to say that by conforming so much of your life force is taken away from your real purpose that no one can detect who you really are. â€Å"Do your work, and you shall reinforce yourself† (Emerson 1337). Douglass hits the path of non-conformity and never looks back. His life was spent hard at work for the abolitionist movement and the well being of other slaves still trapped in slavery. Intuition is layered into both elements of Emerson’s thoughts of trusting one’s self and non-conformity; as intuition is the soul force that leads us into and out of the sublities of our mind and eventually to our own individual actions. Emerson says about intuition, â€Å"In that deep force, the last fact behind which analysis cannot go, all things find their common origin. . . Here is the fountain of action and of thought† (Emerson 1341). Intuition is not learned or taught it is there in all people. It can be cultivated and tended to by the individual if they stop to listen, to hear and to trust even it means going against the grain of popular thought or what someone else might think is right for that individual. As stated earlier in the essay Douglass all along seems to be â€Å"listening† and â€Å"trusting† and â€Å"taking action.† But he starts to develop a cognizant understanding of intuition and the soul as he becomes more literate and knowledgeable. In an anthology he reads different passages that as Douglass states, â€Å"They gave tongue to interesting thoughts of my own soul, which had frequently flashed through my mind, and died away for want of utterance. . . The reading of these documents enabled me to utter my thoughts† (Douglass 1765). Aside from taking actions towards his freedom and being an McTeigue 6 individual man he now is able to articulate and write down his personal thoughts formulating arguments against slavery and other subjects. A flow from his intuition, mind and soul begins to emerge that was there all along. Douglass explains at the risk of being called superstitious, â€Å"From my earliest recollection, I date the entertainment of a deep conviction that slavery would not always be able to hold me within it’s foul embrace; and in the darkest hours of my career in slavery, this living word of faith and spirit of hope departed not from me, but remained like ministering angels to cheer me through the gloom† (Douglass 1761). Like divine interventions Douglass pays attention to these unsolicited angles and lets them lead the way towards becoming a free man. These two extraordinary men grabbled with the ideas of individuality and self-reliance simultaneously through two different modes of exploration; Emerson intellectually and Douglass experientially. It’s like Douglass’s narrative is the case study for Emerson’s theories on selfreliance. Their studies and paths eventually led them to similar conclusions on the subject; although Emerson’s self-reliance had a more â€Å"soulful† twist and Douglass’s self-reliance had a more practical hands-ons twist. These differences stemmed from their different backgrounds and experiences. Both these men listened to their intuition, trusted them selves and were not afraid to be non-conforming and became self-realized free men. But in the case of Frederick Douglass not only did he became intellectually free but physically free from slavery using all the same tools spelled out in Emerson’s, Self-Reliance. To end, Douglass shares an exchange with one of his masters, â€Å"He told me, if I would be happy, I must lay out no plans for the future. He said, if I behaved myself properly, he would take care of me. Indeed, he advised me to complete thoughtlessness of the future, and taught me to depend solely up him for happiness. He seemed McTeigue 7 to see fully the pressing necessity of setting aside my intellectual nature, in order to contentment in slavery† (Douglass 1792). Douglass flings, deflects and resists each point listening only to his ministering angels until they flew him into the hands of freedom. McTeigue 8 Works Cited Perkins, George and Barbara Perkins. The American Tradition in Literature. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2009. Print. Douglass, Frederick. â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas.† Perkins and Perkins 17541792. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. â€Å"Self-Reliance.† Perkins and Perkins 1334-1341.

The Basic Planning Process

The basic planning process is outlined in our text as consisting of six steps. The first step is Situational Analysis. This step provides a detailed estimation of prerequisites and assumptions or best guess on possible issues that may arise. The second Step is alternative goals and plans is based on the situational analysis and the information that was examined during that process.The third step is the goal and plan evaluation, this it the step where the pros and cons are discussed and weighet against the other alternative goals discussed in step two. The forth and final step in the developmental process is goal and plan selection once all of the different goals have been examined and the pros and cons have been considered a goal is chosen based on the summary of the other three steps. The fifth step is implementation based on the outcome of the forth step.The sixth step is to monitor and control the processes that have been put into place. This is vital most especially right after i mplementation because there are always issues that arise that will need dealt with regardless of how well the planning stages went. I do not believe that any one area is more important than another. There is a symbiotic relationship between these steps because the build on each other and take up where the last one left off. If I have to choose a step as being more crucial than another it would be step three.It is imperative that you trouble shoot your ideas for flaws that exist and work out as many of the kinks as possible be for practical application can begin. Otherwise the headache that is created is usually crippling to the entire process regardless of how good of an idea it was to start with. Bateman, T. S. , & Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading & collaborating (9th ed. ). Management: Leading & collaborating in a competitive world , New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Income Inequality essays

Income Inequality essays Income inequality in the United States remained relatively stable for a period of nearly forty years. Beginning in the 1970s, however, this period of stability ended, as the first signs of widening income inequality became apparent. Over the course of the 1970s and 1980s, an increasingly clear trend toward greater income inequality emerged. By the end of the 1980s, the top 20 percent of workers were receiving the largest share of income ever recorded by government figures, and the bottom three fifths were receiving the lowest shares ever recorded. This trend has continued into the 1990s and currently shows no signs of decline. When the indicators of growing inequality were first observed in the 1970s, some researchers argued that the effects were merely temporary artifacts of short-term labor market disturbances. By the end of the 1980s, however, a long-term trend towards increasing inequality had clearly emerged, pointing instead to inflexible changes in the occupational structure itself. The new occupational structure appeared to be one with an increase of well-paid technical, scientific, and professional jobs at the top, a sliding middle class, and a growing poorly-paid service and retail jobs at the bottom. Several important labor-force changes appeared to be contributing to the shifting occupational structure. As occupational reconstructing and growing income inequality became increasingly evident, a heated debated as to the causes and magnitude of these changes arose. Two dominant bodies of thought emerged around the issue: the job-skill mismatch thesis and the polarization thesis. Mismatch theorists argue that there is an increasing distance between the high skill requirements of post-industrial jobs and the inadequate training and mediocre qualifications of workers. They see the post-industrial economy leav ...

10 CCOT Essay Topics on Chemistry Research

10 CCOT Essay Topics on Chemistry Research Has your professor tasked you with writing a CCOT Essay on Chemistry Research? Not sure where to begin? If you are reading this guide, your troubles are over! We have helped hundreds to thousands of students write excellent CCOT essays and this guide will help you get started too. For any particular subject/topic, we introduce three major guides that contain almost everything about the particular topic you want to write on, plus how it’s written, and the basics and methods of writing it. This has been proven to be very useful and had helped many students produce stellar assignments. We hope you will benefit the same way, once you’re done reading and following all three of our guides. In this first guide, 10 facts for a CCOT essay on chemistry research, you are introduced to 10 credible facts on Chemistry Research, so that you have the context and information you need to write a CCOT essay on your own. In our second guide, 20 topics for a CCOT essay on chemistry research, we’ve compiled 20 topics relevant to chemistry research, so you won’t have to bother thinking about what topics to write on. The topic suggestions will certainly help you start writing instantaneously. We’ve also included a sample essay based on one of the 20 topics so that you can see how a CCOT essay is written on Chemistry Research. Finally, in our last and third guide, how to write a CCOT essay on chemistry research, we explain what a CCOT essay is at its core, how it’s written and the formats as well as methods used in it. This will go a long way to help you write an exemplary essay, leaving your professors awestruck. Here are the 10 Facts on Chemistry Research: The bonding of hydrogen is one of the most important aspects of biochemistry and psychiatry that help study chemical events and how molecules interact with each other. This results in behaviors that are highly observable. Here is why this is considered very important. Hydrogen bonding is crucially important for our body and nervous system. It gives way to the study of biochemical neuro translation. Hydrogen bonding form a dipole-dipole moment since they are highly electronegative – they have partially positive and partially negative charges. In order to have proper analysis or research on a specific chemical you have to do a load of specifics processes. You have to do some sampling, which may result in sampling errors that need to be corrected. Naming the sampling is also necessary in order to know what is what. It’s time to prepare your samples for analysis. After the preparation, the analysis takes place. Signals are recorded and evaluated. These signals are then processed accordingly. The result of the analysis is then evaluated to see the correctness, exactness and reproducibility. After the evaluation, the analysis is checked for plausibility. If plausible, it’s certified by the rightful authorities. In the end, the research or analysis is filed in a journal. There are two types of methods for quantitative analysis. First - atomic spectroscopy is used for heavy metals that are found in soil, waste or water. Second - gas chromatography is used for solvents present in soil, water, air or waste water. The definition of analytical chemistry is not universal and there seems to be disagreement regarding it. It states â€Å"the analysis of chemicals to describe their property and characterizing their composition through qualitative and quantitative measurements is known as Analytical Chemistry†. However, the real description of analytical chemistry is something else. Many renowned chemists don’t consider analytical chemistry to be a branch of chemistry. In fact, they consider it an application of chemical knowledge. The craft of analytical chemistry is often misinterpreted as chemical analysis; however, both are different and play uniquely different roles. Analytical chemistry is responsible for the development of procedures and methods, improvising them and establishing old methods into new types of samples – which can be used to measure chemical phenomena. In order words, analytical chemistry is used to enhance studies and research that revolve around chemistry itself. There are a plethora of answers to the question, â€Å"What is the perspective of analytical chemistry?† However, this can be easily described in a five-step process. First, identify the problem and then define what it is. Create an experimental procedure to find the solution. Conduct the experiment and gather necessary data needed for evaluation. Analyze the data obtained from the experiment. Once the solution has been found, propose it. The bonding capacity of hydrogen is highly electronegative which helps create a strong electrical attraction, allowing various molecules, peptides and amino acids to get glued together. Neuropeptides have revolutionized psychiatric research in the past few years. The peptides are actually formed through a process known as â€Å"dehydration synthetics†, where hydrogen separates itself from oxygen; i.e. separation of H2O. There are three constructs of neuropeptides which lay the foundation of the theory of neuropeptides: Peptides are chemical signals in the endocrine system that includes the nervous system of the peripheral. The general principle is that neuroscience is actually the necro secretion of peptides. The last construct is that these neuropeptides are responsive to the nervous system. Neuropeptides are the most diversified and complex class of signaling molecules that are triggered through psychological processes in the body and nervous system. One of the most important polypeptides is the Cyclase Activating Polypeptide. Blocking of this peptide results in the symptoms of depression, anxiety and distress. We’re sure you found these facts interesting. These will substantially help you write an excellent CCOT essay. Let’s move on to our next guide, 20 topics for a CCOT essay on chemistry research, where you are provided with 20 relevant topics along with a sample essay to help you start writing without any hitches. Be sure to follow up with our final guide, how to write a CCOT essay on chemistry research, which tells you exactly how a CCOT essay is written, along with some tips to make it strikingly awesome. References: Ruben Rafayelyan, (2016) Neuropeptides, Depression and Biochemistry UC Irvine Department of Social Scienceshttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/270274708_Chemistry_research_paper Prof. Dr. Manfred Sietz and Dr. Andreas Sonnenberg – Short introduction intoAnalytical Chemistry, FH Lippe und Hà ¶xter, University of Applied Science. https://www.hs-owl.de/fb8/fileadmin/download_verzeichnis/chemie/Analytical_Chemistry.pdf Prof. Clemens F Kaminski, (2013) Part I Chemical Engineering Section 2 (ex-ET) ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY CFK/PJB http://six.cheng.cam.ac.uk/wiki/images/0/01/AChem_Notes.pdf Liu, H., Dasgupta, P. K. (1996). Analytical chemistry in a drop. Solvent extraction in a microdrop. Analytical Chemistry, 68(11), 1817-1821. Booksh, K. S., Kowalski, B. R. (1994). Theory of analytical chemistry. Analytical Chemistry, 66(15), 782A-791A. Backes, C., Sedaghat-Hamedani, F., Frese, K., Hart, M., Ludwig, N., Meder, B., Keller, A. (2016). Bias in high-throughput analysis of miRNAs and implications for biomarker studies. Analytical chemistry, 88(4), 2088-2095. Armstrong, D. W. (2016). Enhanced Performance Separations: Smaller, Faster, More Complex Samples. Analytical chemistry.

Cannabis in the USA

Cannabis in the USA Hemp and Cannabis has had a long, complicated history in the United States. Originally used by colonists for textile and industry, the way cannabis has been utilized has had a lasting effect on American society. Currently outlawed by the federal government, the use of cannabis has gone through many changes in recent years. By targeting minorities through the judicial system, being part of the war on drugs, and social prejudices- recreational cannabis use has been influential in mass incarceration, institutionalization of minorities, and prevented thorougeh medical research until recent. With the perception and status of marijuana in the United States rapidly changing, its effect has shifted American society. During the 1600s the colonies of Virginia, Massachusetts, and Connecticut had farms grow hemp to promote industry and economic stimulation. Used to manufacture rope and textile, the versatile plant had a varying implementation worldwide. Being extremely strong in its fibers and its durability caused many early farmers to utilize hemp and cannabis as their primary source of income. Being brought to the americas by the english navy, according to historian Martin booth, and was intended to be planted on over 10,000 acres once it reached the Americans. As colonists expanded they were introduced to the Native Americans species of the plant. This is when history of cannabis would transform. Before the 18th century the only smokable version of cannabis was hash, but as cannabis sativa was introduced to famers its use changed and marijuana was found in the americas. Although the female plant was smoked around the world in ritualistic tribal practices, the americas had yet to explore the plan ts intoxicating effect. Although its recreational us existed, the more popular and common use of the plant was medicinal. Used in tea to treat coughs, or as a painkiller marijuana became very useful in colonial america where modern medicine was not nearly advanced. This impacted the society of colonists as planters were able to sell and profit off the plant fairly easily. Its versatile use brought industry and economic development to colonists at a time where they sought to find their place on a new frontier. It wasnt until 1937 when marijuana use was criminalized in the United States, but this policy change came from a long social prejudice towards the plants and its users. When the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed in 1906 the perception of marijuana was seen by the public as an over the counter remedy as well as a drug used by the Mexican. Stories and rumors of nightmares and mania due to the affiliation with the culture of Mexican and colored peoples in American. As fearful sentiment grew, the campaign to make cannabis illegal grew. Because hemp production remained relevant, special interests were looking to control its production. This is one of the reasons legislatures pushed for its illegalization. State by state legislatures of the 1900s used the combination of racism and industrial instability to successfully outlaw cannabis federally. The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 was the last step to restricting hemp and cannabis usage to wealthy industrialists and medical professionals. The ef fect of pushing this plant from the mainstream was it handed growth and distribution of the plant, now labeled drug, into the underground and criminal sector. Useful in many ways, the use of marijuana was not able to be fully prevented. By the 1960s the perception of the plant changed dramatically. No longer being socially embraced, marijuana was now a part of the drug community- leading to the perception that it is a gateway drug. In fact, marijuanas classification as a schedule I drug was justified vary minimally and actually goes against the DEA’s own definition. The DEA labels a drug schedule I if it posses a high potential for abuse, yet the studies done during the 1940s show that the plant is not as addictive and harmful as the public perceived. This had a long lasting effect not only on politics, but also on the social dynamics of areas infested with drugs. As President Richard Nixon was elected there were a few key problems on his agenda. Along with solving wars abroad, one of the cornerstone’s of nixon’s campaign was to reduce the rampant use of drugs in America. With the so-called crack epidemic at large, legislatures scrambled to find solutions. President Nixon’s solution was proposed as the â€Å"War on Drugs†- making drug abuse public enemy number one in the United States. America’s poor neighborhoods were littered with drug use, marijuana being included in the public’s perception of the issue, and led to many policy changes which would unfairly punish those in possession of small amounts of schedule I drugs. Mass incarceration, drug addiction, and social injustice all became entangled in a number of policies all hidden behind the government initiative to â€Å"fight† drugs. The government campaign claimed to prevent new addicts, and rehabilitation of those who are addicted, but in reality it would be directed toward eradication, interdiction, and incarceration. Cannabis played a large role in enabling corrupt and racist government officials to institutionalize people of color into a prison pipeline. Marijuanas controversial acceptance by some in the US government showed that the plant’s mis-classification caused extreme detriment to those in impoverished and uneducated communities. The funding for programs of education, prevention, and rehabilitation were cut from an annual average of $386 million to $362 million. This trend had enormous impacts on the targets of the war as the administration and policy makers targeted the wrong issue, and only fed the fire. Less education and more jobs left those suffering from addiction to dive deeper into their problems, until they were locked up, most likely for life. Sentences for minor drug possessions increased dramatically, and started the problem of mass incarceration in the United States. Sentences for these offenses changed once Congress enacted an abundance of laws requiring specific minimums of five or ten years or more for specific criminal acts regardless of the circumstances in which they might have been performed or the character of the guilty party. These statutes were confined to drug offenses.. In effect, the guidelines took the sentencing power away from the judiciary and handed it over to the prosecution. It was the focus on race which increased racial disparities in the judicial system. These systemic inequalities caused African Americans to be incarcerated at more than 5 times the rate of whites, according to Ethan Nadelmann in the Foreign Policy. Yet as years passed, so did legislation to a path towards legalization of marajuiana. In 2012 Colorado and Washignton became the first states to legalize recreational use. By taxing and regulation the use of marajuana, many changes and benefits were seen. The I-502 bill was able to be passed because of the public’s change in perception of marijuana. With 9 states following in 2018, citizens around the nation understood and came to accept recreational use. In colorado the effects were tremendous. Providing billions of dollars in revenue, the state was able to increase funding to publc works and education. The legalization process was extremely influential in pursuading other states to follow the trend as the economic boost was undeniable. The perception of marijuana in the United States changed mostly because of scientific research which was able to open the eyes of lawmakers and constituents alike. In understanding the plants possible applications in cancer treatment, tumor reduction, as well as its holistic versatility- states have become more willing to push towards legalization. The next step, it seems, is decriminalization as many victims of the war on drugs and disciminatory policing still remain behind bars for minor possession charges. With many support groups around the nation growing, many states look to the plant to bring an economic stimulant to their state.

Propaganda in the first and second world wars Research Paper

Propaganda in the first and second world wars - Research Paper Example Governments manage to design propaganda through lying, telling partial truth or exaggerating issues at hand. Governments use propaganda for various reasons during wars, but the bottom in the use of propaganda is to have a competitive advantage over their enemies and win the support of their citizens. Propaganda in the first and second world wars Introduction In the book, Propaganda and Persuasion, propaganda is defined as "a deliberate and systematic attempt that aims at shaping perceptions, manipulating cognition, as well as directing behavior with the ultimate aim of achieving a response, which portrays the intention of the propagandist" (Jowett & O'Donnell, 2011). The main aim in the use of propaganda is make the respondent to act, agree or get along and assist in adopting certain policies. The use of propaganda in times war can be dated back to 1622 when Pope Gregory XV applied this technique to calm religious wars in Alsace, Bohemia, and Palatinate. Therefore, the use of propaga nda appeared as the only solution, which would fight down effects of Protestant reformation (Finch, 2000). After the successful use of propaganda during the reign of Pope Gregory XV, propaganda later gained popularity in wars experienced in the nineteenth century. In the first and second world wars, the main practitioners of propaganda were the American and British governments. An American political scientist (Harold Lasswell) published a book that strongly supported the use of propaganda by American despite America’s denial in the use of this technique. Lasswell and his fellow political scientists gave a clear documentation on propaganda, which was even used by the Germans in the 1930s to acquit themselves with skills on the use of propaganda (Finch, 2000). Lasswell's publication pointed out that the application of propaganda during war times was "neither ominous nor insidious." The publication further pointed out that propaganda had become part and parcel of weapons used du ring wars, and it would remain as a component of wars forever. Lasswell referred propaganda as an act that encompasses the managing attitudes and opinions by directly altering social suggestion, as opposed to changing other conditions either in the environment or in the organism (Finch, 2000). The Americans and the Britons hesitated in accepting the use of propaganda as a legitimate tool in the first and second world wars. However, a British journalist by the name Beatrice Leeds pointed out that propaganda became acceptable the moment Russia got into war with Germany. The governments allied to Russia accepted that the use of propaganda would serve a fabulous deal in fighting the Germans (Marquis, 2009). One notable thing in democratic nations was the dismantling of departments of information. This was due to the perception that information/mass media played a significant role in the spread of propaganda. However, in America, the case was different due to the introduction of an Act t hat supported the introduction of a propaganda radio network. This network was the "Voice of America", which was assigned the responsibility of transmitting pro-American, democratic opinions across the world without mentioning propaganda. After the First World War, America, Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union became serious debaters of the impacts of influencing their citizens' opinions through propaganda. In Germany, numerous research laboratories were set to study the

Requirement Specification Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Requirement Specification - Case Study Example Due to the increasing requests of people involved in the preparation of question papers, the School is considering the computerization of the process to improve the current system by addressing the issues associated with it, while meeting quality assurance requirements in the preparation of question papers. The Examination and Conferment Unit (ECU) is a department at the Academic Registry of Oxford Brookes University which provides services to the entire university related to examinations, award certificates and conferment of awards, and award ceremonies (Brookes, 2007). The ECU has prepared Guidelines for Examination Paper Preparation and Submission (Appendix 1). At the beginning of each semester, the ECU sends the examination paper template (Appendix 2) to all module leaders in the different academic schools of Brookes, who have an examination at the end of the semester. The template is a Word document which has been laid out to comply with the University's approved format for examination papers. Upon completion of examination paper preparation by the different schools, a camera-ready hard copy of the papers along with additional exam materials such as case studies and formula sheets, should be submitted to the ECU, either by hand or using the secure pouch system. Fiona Parker is the Academic Programmes Administrator at the School of Technology. She is also the designated exam secretary and holder of the secure pouch system at the School. She prepares the TE01 and TE02 forms (Appendix 3,4,5,6) for modules that have examination and modules that only have coursework as assessment, respectively, for distribution to the module leaders at the beginning of the semester and collected together with the papers or coursework schedules. The forms are word documents which work with an excel spreadsheet in a mail merge operation (Appendix 7) which Fiona Parker needs to complete using a tedious manual process (Appendix 8). Generally, a module is taught by more than one member of the teaching staff and because of this, a question paper for a particular module is prepared by more than one member. It is the responsibility of the module leader to put together all the questions prepared by the individual members of the teaching staff. This process is tedious for the module leader as it involves collecting copies of the questions from individual staff members who currently use different editing tools or different formatting. The module leader has to re-work the formatting of the question papers so that it meets the requirements set by the ECU. When the module leaders have completed the initial preparation of question papers and solutions for each module they are responsible for, they complete the sections they are responsible for in the TEO1 and TEO2 forms. The document sets are then passed to the internal checkers in the School of Technology. The internal checkers check the papers, complete the sections they are responsible for in the TEO1 and TEO2 forms and send their comments and suggestions back to the module leaders. The module leaders then disseminate the commented documents to the individual members of the teaching staff who prepared the initial documents for them to make necessary the necessary amendments. The amended documents are then returned to the module leaders who will need to again go through the process of putting together the

Project Stakeholders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Stakeholders - Essay Example (Freeman, 1984, p. 46). Within the project, it is possible to identify two main groups of stakeholders: internal and external. Internal stakeholders include the project manager and nuclear scientists, engineers and technology professionals. Also, it is possible to assume that trades unions have a certain impact on labor relations. Following Freeman, the stockholder position can usually be expressed as a 'profit maximization' dictum. External stakeholders include the American society (citizens) and global community at large, military personal, Department of Defense, the state authorities, suppliers, regulators. The project management has a responsibility to all these and must structure its objectives to give each a measure of satisfaction. Employees responsibilities, as internal stakeholders: "cut across many departments. Human resources focuses mainly on recruiting, pay and benefits, training programs, employee appraisal systems, and similar concerns affecting all jobholders" (Lamb, Mckee 2005 7) Once the stakeholder map has been constructed for the project, the competing agendas can be anal

World religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World religion - Essay Example Since there are many versions of the holy text, there are various underpinning of the concept of Karma in Hinduism. The common grounds on which the concept of Karma is accepted and practiced in Hinduism are the life hereafter. It is stated that the life after death depend upon the deeds of a person. The role or the body that the person will enliven would depend on the actions that include animal, bird or human etc. In order to successfully obtain a peaceful second life, one needs to go through the process of Moksha. The process of karma is also known as process of samsara in Hindu religion (Plate). Karma is considerably a physical substance in the religion of Jainism. It is stated that the deeds and words that are uttered by humans make them live the life they are living. It is important to utter good words so that the substance of karma remains alive and is not affected. The present life of an individual is basically dependent upon the life they spent before. The presence of karma, being a physical substance, is present in the universe around us. The substance is carried from one life to another is by the soul that is also known as Jiva. There is an avid possibility of expiry of the particles if the individuals intend to cause any damage to others. It is considered that the followers of Jainism try to get away with the cycle of re-birth for which they try to take care of their karma or particles of karma that would tag along their soles in the next life as well. The definition of physical particles has been remarked over and over in the religion of Jainism. The concept of kar ma remains strict and firm unlike Hinduism. The concept of karma remains similar in Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism. It is state by the followers of Buddhism that the impact of the deeds in the present life directly impacts the next life. The present time is also a product of the previous lives. For

Challenges and security issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Challenges and security issues - Research Paper Example Therefore, the organization failed to follow the standards laid down in testing the product before releasing it to the market. That led to the soft ware problem. Laudon (2011) says that in regard to technology, MacAfee’s system failed to detect possible dangers the product was posing to consumers using the windows XP and Service Pack 3, which was widely used in desktop PC configuration. In this case, technological factors played a significant role in MacAfee’s soft ware problem. Question 2 MacAfee lost a significant number of its customers as a result of the software problem. Actually, the company lost loyalty of its key clients after their computers crushed as a result of antivirus updates. According to Laudon (2011), the company lost most of its customers as a result of management’s sluggish response to the crisis, and the company’s initial effort to ignore the issue’s impact to the consumers. MacAfee’s reputation in the corporate business environment was dented as a result of its misleading reaction to the technical hitches on its systems. On the other hand, consumers’ businesses were affected as a result of their computers being crippled. According to Laudon (2011), this slowed down the normal operation of consumers’ businesses; hence leading to loses and idle time in labor. ... This was contrary to the fact that a significant number of clients were affected. Question 4 MacAfee’s management should come up with a set of standards meant to ensure adherence to testing procedures. This will facilitate efforts meant to determining a product’s quality before being released into the market. According to Laudon (2011), this will help to curb any deterrent effect a product may have on consumers. Chapter 8: How Secure is the Cloud Question 1 With respect to the security problem of tracking unauthorized activity, this can be controlled using a cloud vendor. According to Laudon (2011), this is a public company whose mandatory requirement by law is to disclose how it manages information. On the other hand, the problem can be controlled by use of cloud vendor that allow subscribers to choose where their cloud computing work takes place. Question 2 People who contribute to security problems in the cloud include those who hack into data bases and try to access companies’ information. They do this despite the fact that information stored within the subject databases is unauthorized to them. According to Laudon (2011), these people pose a security threat to companies’ information as they subject them to unauthorized alterations. In addition, organizations contribute to unauthorized access as they fail to pay attention to their security practices. Laudon (2011) agrees that they fail to secure their infrastructure. Lastly, the high cost of technology contributes to security problems. That is because of the dynamics and high costs associated with advanced technology. Most firms cannot afford secure systems for them to store and back

Entrepreneurship of The Busters Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Entrepreneurship of The Busters - Research Paper Example This essay discusses that the owners of the business, i.e. The Buster’s have decided to expand the business size by opening up another store in a new building two blocks away from their current location. The proposed business venture will be designed on the similar basis, as the current business is established. Keeping in view, the expertise and skills of the owner and work force will be beneficial in providing a solid guarantee to the investors that their money will not be spend on a business venture that is non profitable at any point. This is because of the fact that The Buster’s is running smoothly and profitably at its current location. Keeping in view the small size of the business, the owner want to expand by opening up another small store in a new building of about 1,000 square feet of space, maintained and run by a work force of two to three employees. The new office building is located at 5th Avenue near Carroll gardens with the name, The Business Avenue. In t he Business Avenue, offices of different multinationals and domestic firms are located and there are around 15,000 different individuals who visit this 20 story building. The Buster’s is keen in providing superior quality canteen items, stationary products, news papers and magazines. In addition to these items, the owner of the store, Marsha Jones, has decided to add more items to store’s shelves as she is going to acquire a larger space in The Business Avenue, i.e. of around 1500 square feet of physical space at the ground floor of the building. 1.3 Business Aspirations The biggest aspiration that evoked Marsha Jones to open up a news Buster’s store was her dream of transforming The Buster’s into a chain of super stores within next 10 years. Opening up her second store in The Business Avenue is just one step towards making The Buster’s a popular super store where customers can get all what they want. She wants to open up another 10 stores like The Buster’s, no matter within New York or in other states and cities of United States of America. 2. Organization of the Business This section describes who will be managing the business affairs of The Buster’s and how many employees will be needed to run the business on daily business. In addition, this section also describes the legal status of the business, that whether it is going to be a partnership business or held solely by Marsha Jones. In the end, this section of the report also provides inside to the company’s vendors and suppliers. 2.1 Owners Marsha Jones, who is the owner and creator of the business, will be managing the store on daily basis. She is going to hire a personal assistant who will closely monitor the financial performance

Challenges and security issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Challenges and security issues - Research Paper Example Therefore, the organization failed to follow the standards laid down in testing the product before releasing it to the market. That led to the soft ware problem. Laudon (2011) says that in regard to technology, MacAfee’s system failed to detect possible dangers the product was posing to consumers using the windows XP and Service Pack 3, which was widely used in desktop PC configuration. In this case, technological factors played a significant role in MacAfee’s soft ware problem. Question 2 MacAfee lost a significant number of its customers as a result of the software problem. Actually, the company lost loyalty of its key clients after their computers crushed as a result of antivirus updates. According to Laudon (2011), the company lost most of its customers as a result of management’s sluggish response to the crisis, and the company’s initial effort to ignore the issue’s impact to the consumers. MacAfee’s reputation in the corporate business environment was dented as a result of its misleading reaction to the technical hitches on its systems. On the other hand, consumers’ businesses were affected as a result of their computers being crippled. According to Laudon (2011), this slowed down the normal operation of consumers’ businesses; hence leading to loses and idle time in labor. ... This was contrary to the fact that a significant number of clients were affected. Question 4 MacAfee’s management should come up with a set of standards meant to ensure adherence to testing procedures. This will facilitate efforts meant to determining a product’s quality before being released into the market. According to Laudon (2011), this will help to curb any deterrent effect a product may have on consumers. Chapter 8: How Secure is the Cloud Question 1 With respect to the security problem of tracking unauthorized activity, this can be controlled using a cloud vendor. According to Laudon (2011), this is a public company whose mandatory requirement by law is to disclose how it manages information. On the other hand, the problem can be controlled by use of cloud vendor that allow subscribers to choose where their cloud computing work takes place. Question 2 People who contribute to security problems in the cloud include those who hack into data bases and try to access companies’ information. They do this despite the fact that information stored within the subject databases is unauthorized to them. According to Laudon (2011), these people pose a security threat to companies’ information as they subject them to unauthorized alterations. In addition, organizations contribute to unauthorized access as they fail to pay attention to their security practices. Laudon (2011) agrees that they fail to secure their infrastructure. Lastly, the high cost of technology contributes to security problems. That is because of the dynamics and high costs associated with advanced technology. Most firms cannot afford secure systems for them to store and back

African American Essay Essay Example for Free

African American Essay Essay My name is Michelle Williams-Agwagu and my ethnicity group is African American. African Americans came here by forced immigration. They were not invited here to America, and they certainly did not come here by choice. They were forced and taken on ships that brought them to America just to become slaves to the white people. Upon arrival to America, African Americans were treated poorly. Many of them were torn apart from their family members and some were infants that had no knowledge of whom they were as they became older. The group faced many challenges such as prejudice, segregation, and racism. A set of codes were implemented that all African Americans had to adhere to, or they would be punished by either getting beat by their master or possibly killed. African Americans were not allowed to have any education; therefore, no one was allowed to learn to read or write. The slave owners made sure of that and if any slave did learn to read or write, he or she would be punished by their owner. They were separated from the other people because of the color of their skin and was not allowed to eat, play, drink or have any interaction with the masters or the master’s family members unless it was to do household chores as their servant. They did not have many opinions when it came to making decisions. Unfortunately, African Americans were affected by dual labor market and red lining. In the early stages of African American emancipation, not many of them had education or access to quality higher education. Even if they had this education, they were forced into the lower labor market and regardless of the quality of their education they would start in much lower positions than that of their white counterparts. African Americans were affected by this because they were not given any meaningful jobs with any type of significant pay structure and benefits. The jobs were more short-term than long-term. Red lining is a reality in African American communities across the United States. Red lining is a practice which discriminates against Blacks of all economic sectors when they apply for home and business loans and consumer credit. Blacks, more than any other racial or ethnic group (with the possible exception of Native Americans), receive less credit. Through all the bad treatment that African Americans received from â€Å"white† Americans, they (AA) still participated in reverse discrimination. Reverse discrimination is still a problem here in the United States because it is racism; and racism is racism, no matter how we try to spin it. â€Å"Society classes an African American discriminating against a Caucasian as reverse discrimination because for most of American history, it was the African Americans who were persecuted for something that they could not control their ethnicity. † (Libra, n. d. ) African Americans have also been affected by the glass ceilings form of discrimination, and that is still an ongoing problem also. â€Å"The glass ceiling refers to the barriers that often confront Ethnic Americans and women in trying to reach the upper ladders of corporate America. African Americans do not earn the same pay for comparable positions† (The Glass Ceiling for African, Hispanic (Latino), and Asian Americans, 2008. ) as that of their white counterparts in the same job. Environmental justice issues have plagued African Americans in the past and continue to do so today. In the past century, factories emitting toxic fumes and hazardous waste were positioned near large African American sections of major cities as well as small towns inhabited by mostly African Americans. Today, in areas of Louisiana along the Mississippi River known as â€Å"Cancer Alley†, petroleum and chemical manufacturing plans spew fumes and release carcinogenic chemicals near the water supplies of African Americans. There has long been controversy over this modern issue however no other ethnic or racial group has the desire to have these companies relocate factories near their living areas. African Americans have participated in affirmative action since the very beginning, in fact, affirmative action was implemented in the United States largely for the benefit of this group. Affirmative action makes a valiant attempt to make up for past and current discrimination against a certain group and makes jobs and opportunities that members of this group would not have access to ordinarily. Some African Americans agree with Affirmative Action, while some others disagree with it because they perceive it to be a handout and not being able to get jobs or opportunities on one’s own merit. We, as African Americans have and still face many forms of discrimination. Will it ever end, I do not think so. There have been attempts to close the gap and bring us into that circle of equality but I do not see that ever happening in its entirety, all though we know that all men are â€Å"supposedly† created equal. I culturally identify more with African Americans because it is who I am. However, it is evident that racism with any prefix is a problem in America it is a problem in the entire world, and I hope people will start accepting people as people rather than accepting that they must hate people because of the color of their skin. Reference Page Libra, Themis. (n. d. ). Is reverse discrimination a problem in the United States?. Helium The Glass Ceiling for African, Hispanic (Latino), and Asian Americans (2008). Ethnic Majority.

The Principle Of Triple Appeal Media Essay

The Principle Of Triple Appeal Media Essay In the yesteryears, the area of advertising has rarely been studied within the psychological context of psychodynamics. The principle of Triple Appeal has never been researched as a complete factor influencing the effectiveness of advertisement. The Triple Appeal Principle evoked from the Freudian Theory or Psychoanalytic Theory which states that the behavior of Homo sapiens is influenced by their Psyche (ID, Ego and Superego) which is present in the preconscious and unconscious state of mind. The human psyche is also known as the Triple Appeal. The Psychoanalytic Theory states that the preconscious and unconscious needs or drives are at the heart of human motivation and personality. Triple appeal appeals to the Id, but also include a disguised appeal to the superego, which comes out in a condition the ego can resolve. Advertising effectiveness relates to how well a brands advertising achieves the intended. Companies use many different statistics to measure their advertising effectiveness. These measurements can be used for all types of advertising, including television, radio, print, direct mail, Internet and outdoor advertising. An advertisement of a brand is considered effective when the consumers are influenced to buy the product after getting exposed to the advertisement. A companys advertising effectiveness usually increases over time with many messages or exposures. 1.2. Problem statement: This research studies the impact of triple appeal (Id, Ego, and Superego) on advertising effectiveness. The research will focus on advertisements which have triple appeal content in them and relate their effect on consumer behavior. 1.3. Hypotheses: There is a relationship between triple appeal and advertising effectiveness. 1.4. Outline of the study: The paper is organized in five sections. The first section is the introduction of the research. It provides the overview of the study and the hypotheses which are to be tested for the research. The second section presents the literature review. The third section tells about the research methods used in the study. The fourth section provides the results and outcomes of the research. And finally, the fifth section provides discussions, implications and conclusion of the research. The purpose of the research was to analyze whether Freuds psychoanalytic theory (Triple Appeal) applied in advertisements, leave an impact on consumers or not. 1.5. Definitions: The independent variable studied in this research is Triple Appeal. Triple Appeal consists of three interacting forces: Id, Ego and Superego. These forces are explicated below. 1.5.1. Triple Appeal (Freudian Theory) Triple Appeal is a theory of motivation and personality that postulates that unconscious needs and drives (particularly sexual and other biological drives) are the basis of human motivation and personality. Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic theory of personality is the cornerstone of modern psychology. This theory was built on the ground that unconscious needs, especially sexual and other biological drives, are at the core of human motivation and personality. Freud constructed this theory on the basis of patients recollections of early childhood experiences, analysis of their dreams, and the specific nature of their mental and physical adjustment problems. 1.5.2. Triple Appeal Advertisements: Triple Appeal advertisements contain contents which stimulate the drives of sex, hunger and thirst which is Id. Such advertisements also contain superego which is disguised. The conflict of Id and Superego is shown to be balanced by the Ego. Usually a sensual and sexy model is used in the advertisement to trigger the Id appeal. Tempting food shots and eating demeanors are portrayed to stimulate the three appeals. 1.5.3. Id, Ego Superego: Based on his analysis, Freud proposed that the human personality consists of three interacting systems: the id, the superego and the ego. The id was conceptualized as a warehouse of primitive and impulsive drives basic physiological needs such as thirst, hunger and sex for which the individual seeks immediate satisfaction without concern for the specific means of satisfaction. In contrast to the id, the superego is conceptualized as the individuals internal expression of societys moral and ethical codes of conduct. The superegos role is to see that the individual satisfies needs in a socially acceptable fashion. Thus, the superego is a kind of brake that restrains or inhibits the impulsive forces of the Id. Finally, the ego is the individuals conscious control. It functions as an internal monitor that attempts to balance the impulsive demands of the Id and the sociocultural constraints of the superego. 1.5.4 ID It is the initial state of mind in a humans personality. The other states are developed later. The unconscious mind (ID) contains two biological instincts: Eros and Thanatos. Eros means life instinct, sex drive and libido (primitive urges for sex) and Thanatos is the aggressive drive and death instinct (Ehrenzwei, 1965; Mcleod, 2009).Our unconscious mind has all the repressed information and desires which are either disturbing or unethical. This information is so significant and powerful that it is kept suppressed in the unconscious mind. This information exerts a significant influence. According to Freud, the impulses of the subconscious and unconscious reveal themselves in several ways (such as in dreams). ID has been a source of considerable frustration because it has been tested alone by researchers, and it defied objective description as it is extremely difficult to objectively test or measure the influence of unconscious mind (Mcleod, 2009). The ID seeks immediate gratification, which happens when we experience pleasure. ID is also called the Pleasure Principle which demands instant satisfaction, nevertheless of the consequences. (Grey, 1980; Mcleod, 2008).In 1993, Chaudhri researched to see whether or not pleasure principle is the primary source of motivation in choosing product and brand. Two dimensions (Hedonic and Analytic) of products were compared to gauge the impact of pleasure principle. 1.5.5. Ego According to Freud, ID is the horse and Ego is its rider. Ego controls the unrealistic demands of ID and acts in accordance with the appropriateness of the external world (Mcleod, 2008). Ego operates on the Reality Principle. Ego and Superego are parts of the Conscious, Preconscious, and unconscious states of the mind. Ego operates rationally and devises realistic stratagems to obtain pleasure. ID shows Ego the right direction to seek satisfaction which is not harmful to itself or the ID (Mcleod, 2008; Rook, 1987). Rook (1987) stated that if high impulsions of ID are not repressed, then it leads to severe psychosocial problems. Anticipated pleasurable experiences are difficult to resist, because they are brought about by the impulses of ID. The Ego pursues long-term and goal-oriented gratification, which encourages ID to control its impulses. 1.5.6. Superego Superego is the conscience which is the part of the unconscious mind. Superego is a force that defends people from uncontrolled behaviour by giving them an internalization of all environmental inhibitions, particularly those of the parents. It fills a person with guilt when they deviate from the moral standards and values of the society. Its a kind of parent, formed of response developments to unconscious sexual wishes; obeying it results in the secondary egotism of pride, a belief of being loved by a parent figure, and violating it creates guilt. 1.5.7. Advertising Effectiveness CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ID In 1992, Moore stated that subliminal stimulation triggers the unconscious mind and activates the instincts of ID. Penn (2008) researched in neuroscience and stated that unconscious and conscious thoughts are influenced by our emotions and physical responses. He also argued that we cannot measure engagement in brands and ads unless we get to know the unconscious response because it occurs below the conscious level. Many techniques and procedures have been delved to find out the rationale behind the factors that influence the operations of ID (Penn, 2008). TamaÃ…Å ¸ and DumitraÃ…Å ¸cu (2009) explored the Eros aspect in advertisements, which uses sexual arousal in order to access the unconscious mind of humans to convey their messages. This sexual influence changes the attitude of a person. The information buried in the ID surfaces transfers to the conscious mind, which acts upon the decision taken by the ID. During thirst, the ID instantly decides the drink the person should take, depending on the messages imbued earlier from the advertisements. No logic is used, as the ID is incapable of this. All this helps to shape up the attitudes of consumers as well as their thoughts and actions (TamaÃ…Å ¸ DumitraÃ…Å ¸cu, 2009). According to Freud, ID is the horse and Ego is its rider. Ego controls the unrealistic demands of ID and acts in accordance with the appropriateness of the external world (Mcleod, 2008). Ego operates on the Reality Principle. Ego and Superego are parts of the Conscious, Preconscious, and unconscious states of the mind. Ego operates rationally and devises realistic stratagems to obtain pleasure. ID shows Ego the right direction to seek satisfaction which is not harmful to itself or the ID (Mcleod, 2008; Rook, 1987). Rook (1987) stated that if high impulsions of ID are not repressed, then it leads to severe psychosocial problems. Anticipated pleasurable experiences are difficult to resist, because they are brought about by the impulses of ID. The Ego pursues long-term and goal-oriented gratification, which encourages ID to control its impulses. Freud stated that ego, super-ego, and id contribute to the perception of vivid imagery. This activity relates to a weakened ego. He stated that, if a person has a weak ego, he/she is likely to represses a particular behavior which in turn results in vivid imagery (Bergan, 1965). By contrast, the experiential view emphasizes the importance of primary process thinking in accord with the pleasure principle. Primary process thinking involves a task definition oriented toward hedonic response and is primary in the sense that it hearkens back to the way a baby pursues immediate pleasure or gratification. This type of consumption seeks fun, amusement, fantasy, arousal, sensory stimulation, and enjoyment. Indeed, the evidence suggests that consumers typically spend the majority of their lives eating, sleeping, chatting with friends, making love and watching television. Surely, any meaningful attempt to model such relatively pleasure-oriented consumption must pay attention to its hedonic components. Few consumer researchers have followed this lead, although the study of product usage and related activities is clearly a requisite cornerstone to the development of the experiential model. The importance of such study is reinforced by the emphasis on entertainment arts, and leisure-related offerings, which often depend more on the allocation of time than money. Given the operation of the pleasure principle in multisensory gratification, exciting fantasies, and cathected emotions, ones purchase decision is obviously only a small component in the constellation of events involved in the overall consumption experience. Holbrook Hirschman, 1982 Chaudhuri (1993) made a case for ID the pleasure principle as the prime source of inspiration in the choice of product and brand. The study attempted to reproduce the findings of the FCB grid by categorizing seventy six products using diverse dimensions hedonic and analytic value, which were operationalized as the degree of pleasure and the amount of apparent differences between brands. In the speculation of psycho-analysis there is no hesitation in assuming that the course taken by mental is invariably set in motion by an unpleasurable stress, and that it takes a direction coincides with a lowering of that tension that is, with a prevention of unpleasure or a creation of pleasure (Chaudhuri, 1993). Moore (1992) stated that the Psychodynamic theorists use the term unconscious as a noun with a capital U, to refer to, for lack of a better term, the id-a cauldron full of seething excitations, as Freud expressed it. Because semantic activation without conscious awareness can be demonstrated, some observers have jumped to the conclusion that subliminal stimulation provides relatively direct access to the ID. This paper proposes that elements of the tobacco industry, having long recognised the power of sexuality in advertising, have now tapped into the lure of Freuds counterpoint to Eros the death instinct, or Thanatos. Whether this happens consciously or unconsciously is of little consequence since the culture from which such advertising derives may be impaired in its capacity to be life-affirming and thus finds violation to be a source of entertainment. The issue therefore opens into questions of wider cultural psychopathology ranging from tobacco addiction to consumer addiction and the world ecological crisis. Psychological and spiritual mechanisms by which violative advertising might trigger deep necrophilic and sexually abusive motivations are discussed, as are the implications for therapeutic work at both individual and cultural levels, in political leadership and for health education. These include the need to sensitise people to the significance of violative imagery in advertisin g and its role in psychospiritual exploitation. (McIntosh, 1996) EGO Venger (2008) compared cigarette advertising across several cultures by using the technique of text analysis. His study examined the message stratagems and the ideological viewpoints in cigarette advertising in American and Ukrainian magazines within the framework of their different authoritarian environments. Venger (2008) wanted to gauge whether or not the two nations differed in their use of creativity in terms of ID, Ego and Superego. He also gauged their level of obedience to regulations. His objective was to show how cigarette advertisements attempt to bond with consumers by portraying culturally appropriate messages that strengthen the ideology, all within a greatly examined regulatory environment. The messages across the two nations differed in their use of creativity appeals to ego, social needs, and sensory pleasure and also their obedience to regulation. He first compared the two nations from economic, cultural, and regulatory viewpoints and then analyzed the strategies of cigarette advertising in Ukraine and the United States. According to Epstein (1994), Freuds psychodynamic theory stated that we are not in control of our own minds. A person can only think rationally when the unconscious turns to conscious level done through psychoanalysis. He regarded Ego (conscious thinking) as the tip of an iceberg. All our mental activity is operated by the Ego. Thus, several advertising agencies pay millions of dollars for cigarette advertisements which appeal to the Ego of a person. Epstein (1994) stated that in cigarette ads the visual appeal of the messages will overcome the verbal message of the surgeon who says smoking can endanger ones life an appeal aimed at the rational system. Epstein (1994) tested whether or not a surgeons message in a pictorial graphic form would leave an impact on consumers. Sigmund Freud (1954) made a great contribution to Psychoanalysis with his concept of the super ego which was referenced as primitive and unconscious aggregate of values and psychoanalysis in form by contemporary authors. Still, he is often credited with having revealed the irrational content of consumer psychology and thus undermined traditional ideas of human rationality as it relates to ethnic groups. Therefore, psychoanalysis also questions traditional ideas of irrationality. It shows that human tastes, preferences and other apparently irrational psychological consumers marketing decisions have a meaning and it is rational. Even though, most theorists argue that there is continuity between rationality and irrationality. Freud (1954) portrays the human being as a creature dominated by unconscious instincts, by infantile desires and primitive drives. He shows how consciousness and rationality is only one, relatively minor, facet of our psychology. He demonstrates how even the most apparently rational and conscious activities and experiences are influenced by unconscious wishes and fantasies, which operate in ways which do not apply to the principles of reason and logic. The reasons that we believe we have for our thoughts and actions are revealed as mere rationalizations, which cloak and deny their real, unconscious motives. As a result of existing controversy between Freudian theories and other recent theorists in the field of Psychoanalytic theories, we might not be able to reach satisfactory marketing applications to effective consumption. At best, we will have a fulfillment and understanding of rational buying behavior and similarity of consumption among ethnic groups (U. Elimimian, 2007). Psychoanalytic psychology also depicts impulse control as socially necessary. Freud (1911/1956) claims that human civilization is based on individuals development of internalized impulse controls. He interprets impulses as products of two competing forces: The pleasure principle and the reality principle. The pleasure principle encourages immediate gratification but is compromised insofar as a person responds to the reality principles tendency toward rational deliberation. These two forces often compete, because impulses encourage action without careful consideration about the objective environment, and with little or no regard for potential realistic consequences. If an individual lacks sufficient impulse control, it represents a defect of repression that may lead to severe psychosocial problems. Impulses may be difficult to resist because they often involve anticipated pleasurable experiences. The reality principle ultimately pursues personal gratification; the crucial difference i s that the reality principles orientation is more long-term and goal-oriented, which tends to encourage delayed over immediate gratification. In human development, the transition in dominance from the pleasure principle to reality principle is one of the most important advances in the development of the ego (Freud 1920/1949). (Rook, 1987) In his book, The Interpretation of Dreams (1), Freud suggests that vivid imagery arises as a result of regression. He considered imagistic thought to be part of the primitive aggregation of behaviors characteristic of the preverbal life of the child. As one aspect of the lack of rationality found in the childs thought, Freud postulated an inability to distinguish between internally and externally originated perceptions. Stated in terms of his three part system, ego, super-ego, and id, the perception of vivid imagery is an activity related to the processes of a weakened ego. It was Freuds view that whenever regression occurred it was disruptive and damaging in its influence on the efficient operation of the ego. Topographically ego regression (primitivization of ego functions) occurs not only when the ego is weak-in sleep, in falling asleep, in fantasy, in intoxication, and in the psychoses-but also during many types of creative processes. This suggested to me years ago that the ego may use the primary process, and not be only overwhelmed by it. The general assumption is that under certain conditions the ego regulates regression, and that the integrative functions of the ego include voluntary and temporary withdrawal of cathex is from one area or another to regain improved control. (Bergan, 1965) SUPEREGO Sigmund Freud (1954) made a great contribution to Psychoanalysis with his concept of the super ego which was referenced as primitive and unconscious aggregate of values and psychoanalysis in form by contemporary authors. Still, he is often credited with having revealed the irrational content of consumer psychology and thus undermined traditional ideas of human rationality as it relates to ethnic groups. Therefore, psychoanalysis also questions traditional ideas of irrationality. It shows that human tastes, preferences and other apparently irrational psychological consumers marketing decisions have a meaning and it is rational. Even though, most theorists argue that there is continuity between rationality and irrationality. Freud (1954) portrays the human being as a creature dominated by unconscious instincts, by infantile desires and primitive drives. He shows how consciousness and rationality is only one, relatively minor, facet of our psychology. He demonstrates how even the most apparently rational and conscious activities and experiences are influenced by unconscious wishes and fantasies, which operate in ways which do not apply to the principles of reason and logic. The reasons that we believe we have for our thoughts and actions are revealed as mere rationalizations, which cloak and deny their real, unconscious motives. As a result of existing controversy between Freudian theories and other recent theorists in the field of Psychoanalytic theories, we might not be able to reach satisfactory marketing applications to effective consumption. At best, we will have a fulfillment and understanding of rational buying behavior and similarity of consumption among ethnic groups. (U. Elimimian, 2007) The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learnt from ones parents and others. It develops around the age of 4 5 during the phallic stage of psychosexual development. The superegos function is to control the ids impulses, especially those which society forbids, such as sex and aggression. It also has the function of persuading the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and to strive for perfection. The superego consists of two systems: The conscience and the ideal self. The conscience can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt. For example, if the ego gives in to id demands, the superego may make the person feel bad though guilt. The ideal self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be, and represents career aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to behaviour as a member of society. Behaviour which falls short of the ideal self may be punished by the superego through guilt. The super-ego can also reward us through the ideal self when we behave properly by making us feel proud. If a persons ideal self is too high a standard, then whatever the person does will represent failure. The ideal self and conscience are largely determined in childhood from parental values and you were brought up. (Mcleod, 2008) Dr. Dichter claims that practically all of it is hit-or-miss stuff, and that he is the first to apply to advertising really scientific psychology. That includes psychoanalysis-probing into the subconscious. Dr. Dichter scoffs at advertising which tries to reason with potential customers, to scare them or lecture them on their shortcomings. He believes in tapping hidden desires and urges. This examination explores advertisings effects on the individual through the critical lenses of ideology and psychoanalysis, concluding that although ideology is a relevant methodology, it remains incomplete. Psychoanalytic theory, on the other hand, provides multiple avenues of interpreting how advertising addresses both the conscious and the unconscious mind, and offers a potential methodology for personal resistance and social change. To this point, I have demonstrated only that dream-theory can offer an interpretation of an advertising text. Now I must come to the crux of my exploration: Is there any meaningful association between this dream-informed reading and the way the advertisement appeals to its audience or even its effectiveness at inducing purchase? Remember that Freud in Interpretation of Dreams stated .Every dream reveals itself as a psychical structure which has a meaning and which can be inserted at an assignable point in the mental activities of waking life. Can fantasy-based advertising operate like dream, and be inserted at an assignable point in the mental activities of waking life? (Bellinson, 2006) The relations of superego and ego ideal to id and ego, so crucial in this context for the development of our sense of justice and of its emanations in moral (justness) judgments and law, are highly complex and, though probably holding the clue to final answers, still controversial in the detail of the history of the individual. We may begin with the pleasure principle which, ruling the subconscious Id, makes us aim for pleasure in a shifting and still obscure response to both Eros, the Life Instinct, and Thanatos, the Death Drive. (EHRENZWEI, 1965) TRIPLE APPEAL Penn (2008) stated that Cognitive scientists acknowledged the significance of unconscious mechanisms, particularly in the area of recall, but the role of sentiment was never seen as particularly significant. Thus, in much 20th century advertising theory, emotion was something of an afterthought; a means of facilitating consideration to communication (because we will probably pay more attention to advertising that we like). He suggested that thinking and feeling are not separate from the brain, but neutrally personified in it. Our feelings, reasoning, conscious and unconscious thoughts are surrounded by our emotions and bodily reactions. TamaÃ…Å ¸ and DumitraÃ…Å ¸cu (2009) studied the different characteristics that differentiate conscious from unconscious perception which influence our reactions to stimuli. The messages in advertisements constantly tell us that one product is better than the rest. Our minds capture the message and goes with it. Another technique used by the advertisers is sexual arousal. Advertisers know that sexual desire is the most influential of human desires. They embed sexual appeals in their advertising messages, by means of pictures, sounds and terms. These messages are not obvious. These embedded messages are hidden, so they appear ordinary. It is only our unconscious mind that is proficient of identifying and accumulating these messages where they lie hidden, un-criticized, not judged and unknown to the individual until the time of purchase, when decision is made. The hidden and buried information then floats up and is moved to the conscious mind, which operates upon it. For example , if one is thirsty, the unconscious mind straight away chooses the type of drink the person has to take, depending on the messages implanted previously from the advertisements. No reasoning or logic is used, because the ID (unconscious mind) is not capable of this. All this helps in moulding the attitudes of people, then their thoughts, and lastly their actions. This study underscores the complementary roles of the cognitive (perceptive) and psychodynamic (projective) approaches to the study of responses to advertisements. Effectiveness reflected influences of ads on subjective responses such as liking and fantasy, as well as on judgments of an ads quality and intention to buy the product. This study compared cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives on responses to simple and complex advertisements for perfume and liquor products. (Cupchik, Leonard and Irvine-Kopteski, 1998) This dissertation examines the representations of youth identity in print advertisements found in Y Magazine and SL Magazine. The researcher uses Critical Discourse Analysis to analyse the identities that are constructed in four fashion brands. The print advertisements are also interpreted by young people from Grade 11 classes in two Johannesburg high schools. Learners completed survey questionnaires and participated in focus group discussions. My interpretation of the advertisements reveals three over sexualized identities in the Soviet, Guess and Diesel advertisements. The learners responses are varied; some identify with the brands and accept the subject positions that are offered by the advertisements and others critique the sexuality that pervades the majority of the advertisements. Learners interpretations also reflect different reading positions, as well as unclear gendered target audiences. I conclude that media representations provide a range of powerful resources, which you ng people draw on in constructing their identities. (Clifford, 2006) One of the now-conventional accounts for why we exclude sex from the public sphere is attributable to Sigmund Freud, who maintained that repression of the libido is essential to civiliza-tion.182 In Freudian theory, everyones first love object is his or her opposite-sex parent, and both development of the personality and maintenance of the family require repression of these incestu-ous desires.183 From a societal standpoint, Freud thought the repression of sexual drives necessary to redirect human energy into more socially productive endeavors. Absent repression, the theory goes, we would be even more obsessed with sex than we already are, and no one would bother making the trains run on time.84 Freud also considered sexual repression essential to social bonding. But one need only open ones eyes to see the extent to which a pornographic conception of sex, obsessed with the erotics of transgressing taboos, dominates our culture. Pornographic maga-zines and videos do a thriving busines s. Even in more mainstream culture, sexual taboos and their transgression sell everything from movies to magazines to records to clothes to television shows to perfume. We are obsessed with those who dare to approach, play with, and transgress the rules: Calvin Klein advertisements, Madonna videos, Prince songs, NYPD Blue, Cosmopolitan advice columns on adding spice to your sexual life, and daytime talk shows featuring those who have broken the rules and lived to tell their story on national television. (Cole, 1994) The unconscious mind contains our biologically based instincts (eros and thanatos) for the primitive urges for sex and aggression. While we are fully aware of what is going on in the conscious mind, we have no idea of what information is stored in the unconscious mind. The unconscious contains all sorts of significant and disturbing material which we need to keep out of awareness because they are too threatening to acknowledge fully. So, the unconscious is not like a dustbin containing unimportant or irrelevant thoughts. Rather, it is precisely because they are so powerful that they are kept buried. Nevertheless, they exert a significant influence (Mcleod, 2009). The subconscious contains thoughts and feelings that a person is not currently aware of, but which can easily be brought to consciousness. It exists just below the level of consciousness before the unconscious mind. This is what we mean in our everyday usage of the word available memory. For example, you are presently not thinking about your mobile telephone number, but now it is mentioned you can recall it with ease. Mild emotional experiences may be in the subconscious but sometimes traumatic and powerful negative emotions are repressed and hence not available in the subconscious. Our feelings, motives and decisions are actually powerfully influenced by our past experiences, stored in the subconscious and instincts from the unconscious. Freud applied these three systems to his structure of the personality, or psyche the id, ego and superego. Here the id is regarded as entirely unconscious whilst the ego and superego have conscious, preconscious, and unconscious aspect. Freud also regarded the mind to be like an iceberg, where the greates